Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal

fa مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ تعیین باقیمانده دیازینون در بافت عضله ماهی کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio) پرورشی در مجتمع پرورش ماهیان گرمابی شهداء قصرشیرین در فصل صید (استان کرمانشاه) Determination of diazinon residues in the muscle tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared in the Shohada Qasr-e Shirin warm-water fish farming complex during the harvest season (Kermanshah Province) آلودگي محيطهاي آبي آلودگي محيطهاي آبي پژوهشي Research دیازینون یکی از آفت‌کش‌های ارگانوفسفره است که به ‌طور گسترده‌ای در فعالیت‌های کشاورزی استفاده می‌شود. ورود این سم به آبهای سطحی و تجمع  آن در بافت‌های ماهی، می‌تواند سلامت مصرف کنندگان را از طریق زنجیره ی غذایی تحت تاثیر قرار دهد. در تحقیق حاضر، میزان دیازینون در عضلات ماهی کپور معمولی پرورشی (Cyprinus carpio) در مجتمع پرورشی ماهیان گرمابی شهرستان قصرشیرین استان کرمانشاه، در فصل صید، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین‌منظور، مزارع مجتمع بر اساس فاصله از کانال اصلی آب‌رسانی منشعب از رودخانه‌ الوند به سه ناحیه ابتدایی، انتهایی و میانی تقسیم گردید. در هر ناحیه دو مزرعه نزدیک به‌هم و با ظرفیت تقریباً برابر انتخاب شد. از آب کانال آب‌رسانی هر مزرعه و بافت عضله‌ ماهیان مزارع هر ناحیه نمونه‌برداری شد. میزان دیازینون با استفاده از روش کروماتوگرافی گازی- طیف سنجی جرمی (GC-Mass) اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که میزان دیازینون در آب کانال آب‌رسانی مزارع، از ناحیه 1 به ناحیه 3 کاهش می‌یابد. میانگین میزان دیازینون در نواحی 1، 2 و 3 به‌ترتیب <a name="_Hlk217589032">71/29،</a> 67/26 و 53/24 میکروگرم در لیتر (ppb) اندازه‌گیری گردید. تفاوت معنی‌داری بین میزان دیازینون در آب کانال آب‌رسانی مزارع ناحیه 1 با کانال‌های آبرسانی ناحیه 2 و 3 مشاهده شد (05/0 >p). بر اساس نتایج حاصله، میزان دیازینون تجمع‌یافته در عضلات ماهی بستگی مستقیم به میزان دیازینون در آب داشت (79/0=R). بیشترین میزان سم در ماهیان مزارع ابتدایی 22/9 و کمترین میزان سم در ماهیان مزارع انتهایی 41/6 و در مزارع میانی، این مقدار 55/7 میکروگرم در کیلوگرم (ppb) بود. بنابراین، می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری نمود که میزان تجمع دیازینون در عضلات ماهی در زمان عرضه به بازار، در محدوده‌‌ مجاز توصیه شده از سازمان بهداشت جهانی و سازمان ایمنی غذایی اروپا، 01/0 میلی‌‌گرم در کیلوگرم برای مصرف انسانی است. Introduction <a name="_Hlk217846205">Diazinon is widely used non-systemic insecticide (C12H21N2O3PS) that exert its toxic effects through inhibition acetylcholinesterase, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic and neuromuscular junctions and subsequent disruption of nerve impulse transition. Due to its water solubility and extensive use of the pesticide diazinon, residues of this pesticide enter surface waters through runoff. Accumulation of this poison in fish tissues can have negative effects on human health. </a>The Shohada Qasr-e-Shirin Complex in Kermanshah province is considered one of the largest warm-water fish farming facilities in Iran. During the early years of fish farmers' activity in this complex, silver carp and bighead carp accounted for the largest percentage of fish produced in the farms. However, with the boom in fish exports to Iraq, during recent years, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has become the almost dominant species in this complex due to increased export demand to Iraq. The water supply source for this complex is the Alvand River, which also supplies the water needed by many gardens and agricultural lands in the cities of Dalahu (Rijab region), Sarpol-e-Zahab, and Qasr-e-Shirin. Given the heavy use of various pesticides farmers and following irrigation and rainfall, there is a possibility that these pesticides enter the water of the Alvand River. This study aimed to assess diazinon residue levels in the muscle tissue of farmed common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from a <a name="_Hlk217818208">warm-water fish farming complex</a>, in Qasr-e Shirin city, Kermanshah Province, during the harvest season. Methodology For this purpose, Initially, to confirm the presence of diazinon in the Alvand River during the summer season, when the highest levels of this toxin were expected, three water samples were collected from the river at the junction with the main water supply canal of the aquaculture complex. The samples were transport to the toxicology laboratory under cool conditions. Subsequently, prior to the onset of the fishing season, water samples were taken from the water of the secondary canals supplying water to the farms in the designated areas. The fish farming complex was divided into three areas based on their distance from the main irrigation canal, branching off the Alvand River. In each area, two farms close to each other and with approximately equal capacity were selected. Water samples were obtained from the irrigation canal of each selected farm and muscle tissue samples were collected from fish reared in the farms. Diazinon concentrations in all water and tissue samples were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-Mass). Results The results indicated that <a name="_Hlk217701330">the amount of diazinon in the water of the irrigation canal </a>supplying the farms decreased progressively from area 1 to area 3. The amount of diazinon in areas 1, 2 and 3 were29.71±0.70, 26.67±0.63 and 24.53±0.49 <a name="_Hlk213730879">micrograms per liter </a>(ppb) (Mean±SE), respectively. A significant difference was observed between the amount of diazinon in the irrigation water canal of area 1 and those of areas 2 and 3 (p<0.05). According to the results, accumulation of diazinon in fish muscles was positively correlated with its concentration in water (R=0.79). There was no significant difference in the amount of diazinon accumulated in the muscle tissue of fish from two selected farms within each area. However, a significant difference in diazinon accumulation in t fish muscle was observed -among the three studied areas (p<0.05) (Table 1). The highest concentration of diazinon in fish muscle was recorded in fish from farms located in area 1 (9.22±0.21), while the lowest amount of toxin was observed in fish from farms in area 3 (6.41±0.14), and in the intermediate farms, the concentration of diazinon was 7.55± 0.17 micrograms per kilogram <a name="_Hlk203645060">(Mean ±SE)</a>. The results showed that the amount of toxin in the water was lower than the maximum residue limit (MR) recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (0.17 mg/L). The levels of diazinon detected in fish muscle tissues were lower than the maximum residue limit for diazinon in fish flesh (0.01 mg/kg) established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for human consumption. Discussion and conclusion In this study, the mean concentration of diazinon in the water supply canal feeding the farms located in the Shohada Qasr-e-Shirin warm water fish farming complex in areas 1, 2, and 3 was measured as 29.71, 26.67, and 24.53 micrograms per liter (ppb), respectively, and in the main water supply canal at the branching point of the Alvand River was measured at 30.42 (µg/L. All measured value were less than the maximum permissible level announced by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (0.17 mg/L) for surface waters. The results showed that the average amount of diazinon in fish from area 1 farms, which receive water from the upstream section of the main canal, was higher than that observed in fish from other areas. Notably, t this amount was very close to the maximum permissible level recommended for human consumption. A decreasing trend in diazinon accumulation in fish muscle was observed from area 1 to area 3. Considering the distance between the studied areas, the significant decrease in the amount of diazinon could be due to the decrease in the amount of toxin in the water entering the farms caused by the metabolism of the toxin under the influence of hydrolysis, photolysis, and the effect of bacteria in the water, as well as absorption by biological factors (algae, zooplankton and phytoplankton, benthos, aquatic plants, native fish) as well as absorption of the pesticide onto sediments. It can be concluded that, the level of diazinon in the fish muscle at the time market distribution is within the permissible limit (0.01 mg/kg) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for human consumption. Considering that the diazinon residue detected in fish harvested from farms in Area 1, whose water supply originates from the upstream section of the main water conveyance canal is very close to the recommended permissible limit, frequent and continuous monitoring of diazinon levels is warranted. Accordingly, systematic measurement of diazinon concentrations in the water of the Alvand River and in farmed fish from the Shohada Qasr-e Shirin warm-water fish farming complex throughout the harvesting season should be conducted by the relevant authorities and responsible organizations. Conflict of interest Conflict of interest does not exist. Acknowledgment This article is a result of (part of) the thesis entitled: Determination of diazinon toxin levels in muscle tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Shohada Qasr-e Shirin Complex, Kermanshah Province, during the harvesting season, in the Master's degree program in the year 2025, which was carried out with the support of the University of Kurdistan. دیازینون, عضله کپور معمولی, مجتمع پرورش ماهی شهدای قصر شیرین, Cyprinus carpio Diazinon, common carp muscle, Shohada Qasr Shirin Fish Farming Complex, Cyprinus carpio 1 16 http://isfj.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2989-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Amin Amiri امین امیری amiriamin921@gmail.com 100319475328460041563 100319475328460041563 No Fisheries department, Faculty of natural resources, University of Kurdistan, sanandaj, Iran گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران Farzad Ghiasi فرزاد غیاثی f.ghiasi@uok.ac.ir 100319475328460041564 100319475328460041564 Yes Fisheries department, Faculty of natural resources, University of Kurdistan, sanandaj, Iran گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران