Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal
مجله علمي شيلات ايران
isfj
Agriculture
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2024
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مقاله علمی – پژوهشی: اثرات بهکارگیری منفرد و توأم باکتری Lactobacillus casei و پروپیونات سدیم بر شاخصهای رشد و ایمنی ماهی زبرا (Danio rerio)
Individual and combined effects of the dietary Lactobacillus casei and sodium propionate supplementation on the growth performance and immunity of zebra fish (Danio rerio)
تغذيه
تغذيه
پژوهشي
Research
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">در مطالعه حاضر اثرات بهکارگیری منفرد و توأم باکتری </span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">Lactobacillus casei</span></em><strong> </strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> و پروپیونات سدیم به عنوان افزدونی بر شاخص</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">های رشد و ایمنی ماهی زبرا (</span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">Danio rerio</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> بدین منظور، تعداد</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">120 قطعه ماهی زبرا با میانگین اولیه وزنی 23/0</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">±</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">335/0 گرم در 12 تانک با تعداد 10 ماهی در هر تانک توزیع شدند. چهار جیره</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> آزمایشی شامل: </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> تیمار اول یا شاهد، جیره پایه (صفر درصد افزودنی، تیمار 1)، تیمار دوم با باکتری </span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">L. casei</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> (</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">CFU</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> 10<sup>6</sup> ×5، تیمار 2)، تیمار سوم با 1 درصد پروپیونات سدیم (تیمار 3) و تیمار چهارم با باکتری </span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">L. casei</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> به همراه 1 درصد پروپیونات سدیم (تیمار 4) به مدت 8 هفته تغذیه شدند. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">نتایج نشان داد که<strong> </strong></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">تاثیر جیرههای آزمایشی بر میزان وزن نهایی، افزایش وزن، نرخ رشد ویژه و میزان بازماندگی معنادار بود بهطوریکه ماهیان تغذیه شده با باکتری </span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">L. casei</span></em> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">و پروپیونات سدیم </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">(تیمارهای 2، 3 و 4)</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">وزن نهایی بالاتری نسبت به گروه شاهد داشتند</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> (05/0></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">p</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">).</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">اختلاف معناداری در میزان سوپر</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">اکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز و گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز در بین تیمارها وجود داشت و تیمار 4 دارای بیشترین فعالیت بود (05/0></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">p</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">اختلاف معناداری بین تیمارها در پروتئین</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> کل سرم، ایمنوگلوبولین، لیزوزیم و کمپلمان </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">ACH50</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> مشاهده شد به</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">طوریکه بالاترین میزان در تیمارهای تغذیه شده با </span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">L. casei</span></em> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">و پروپیونات سدیم (تیمارهای 2، 3 و 4) مشاهده شد </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">(05/0 > </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">p</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که استفاده از مکمل</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">های پروبیوتیک باکتری </span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">L. casei</span></em> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">و پروپیونات سدیم به صورت همزمان (تیمار چهارم) در جیره غذایی ماهی زبرا می</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">تواند بر رشد و سلامت آن تاثیرات مثبتی داشته باشد.</span></span></span></p>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Introduction</span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">The emergence of diseases poses significant challenges for the aquaculture sector. While diseases are natural components of aquatic ecosystems, they often lead to economic repercussions for both aquaculture and fisheries. The restrictions on antibiotic use in aquaculture have prompted the development of environmentally friendly alternatives, such as probiotics and organic acids, which serve as immune stimulants. Short-chain fatty acids and organic acids, along with their corresponding salts are emerging as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in aquaculture, garnering increasing interest. Probiotics, on the other hand, are live microbial feed supplements that help maintain a healthy microbial balance in the host's gut.</span></span><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Methodology</span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">This study was carried out to evaluate individual and combined effects of the dietary <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> and sodium propionate supplementation on the growth performance and immunity of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). A total of 120 zebra fish (335.22 ± 0.23 mg) were placed in 12 tanks with 10 fish per tank and fed with diets containing 0 % <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> and sodium propionate (control, T1) 0.1% <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> (5 x 10<sup>6</sup> CFU, T2), 1% sodium propionate (T3), and 0.1% <i>Lactobacillus casei </i>bacteria and 1% sodium propionate (T4) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, feeding was halted for 24 hours. Eight fish from each tank were anesthetized with clove oil at a dose of 50 μl/l. After removing the head and tail, the fish were frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenized using a manual homogenizer. The resulting homogenate was then prepared in 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) for the measurement of immune factors. </span></span><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Results</span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">The experimental diets significantly affected the final weight and weight gain of the fish. Fish fed with <i>Lactobacillus</i> <i>casei</i> and sodium propionate had a higher weight compared to the control group (Table 1, p<0.05). The specific growth rate also varied among the diets, with the lowest growth rate observed in the control group and the highest in the groups receiving sodium propionate and <i>Lactobacillus</i> <i>casei</i>, which differed significantly from the control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found among the treatments in triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose levels (Table 2, p<0.05). Serum albumin analysis indicated no significant difference between treatments 1 and 3, nor between treatments 2 and 4 (Table 2, p<0.05). However, significant differences were noted between treatments 1 and 3 and treatments 2 and 4, with the highest levels found in treatments 2 and 4. Regarding the globulin index, there was no significant difference between the control group and treatment 3, but significant differences were observed with the other two treatments (Table 2, p<0.05). The highest activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were recorded in treatment 4, which significantly differed from the control group (p<0.05) but showed no significant difference from treatment 3 (Table 3, p<0.05). Significant differences were also observed in total serum protein and immunoglobulin levels, with the highest levels in treatments containing <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> and sodium propionate (treatments 2, 3, and 4), which differed significantly from the control group (Table 4, p<0.05). Notably, significant variations were found in lysozyme and complement levels among the treatments, with the highest levels in treatments 3 and 4 (Table 4, p<0.05).</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span bold="" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Table 1</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">:</span></span></span><span style="color:black"> Growth performance in zebrafish fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks (mean ± SD)</span></span></span></span>
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<table class="Table" dir="rtl" style="width:594px; border-collapse:collapse" width="594">
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:107px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Fourth treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Third treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Second treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">First treatment</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:164px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Factors/treatments</span></b></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:none; width:107px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">458.3 ± 13.1<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">450.1 ± 11.2<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">432.9 ± 13.4<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">387.6 ± 9.4<sup>c</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:164px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Final weight (mg)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:107px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">123.9 ± 14.9<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">114.6 ± 10.2<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">96.9 ± 15.7<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">52.4 ± 10.1<sup>c</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:164px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:14px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Weight gain (mg)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:107px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">37.1 ± 4.7<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34.2 ± 2.5<sup>ab</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">28.8 ± 4.8<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">15.6 ± 3.0<sup>c</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:164px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Body weight gain (%)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:107px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.22 ± 0.02<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.21 ± 0.01<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.18 ± 0.02<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.1 ± 0.01<sup>c</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:164px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Specific growth rate (%/day)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:107px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">100</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">100</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">100</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">100</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:164px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Survival rate (%)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN" style="color:black">Different letters indicate significant differences between groups (mean ± SD)</span><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span bold="" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Table 2</span><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">:</span></span><span style="color:black"> Biochemistry index in in zebrafish fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks (mean ± SD)</span></span></span></span>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Fourth treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Third treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Second treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">First treatment</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Factors/treatments</span></b></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">79.9 ± 1.6<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">88.1 ± 5.4<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">83.85 ± 3.65<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:99px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">78.6 ± 1.1<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:190px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Triglyceride (mg/100g tissue)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">174.5 ± 4.5<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">166.5 ± 11.5<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">181.5 ± 8.8<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:99px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">156.8 ± 11.2<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:190px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Glucose (mg/100 g tissue)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">24.85 ± 2.35<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">25.6 ± 0.7<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">24.8 ± 0.4<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:99px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">23.8 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:190px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Cholesterol (mg/ 100 g tissue)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">17.05 ± 0.25<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">14.6 ± 0.1<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">17.20 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:99px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">13.59 ± 0.65<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:190px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:24px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Albumin (mg/ 100 g tissue)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">60.9 ± 0.2<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">58.55 ± 0.25<sup>c</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">64.35 ± 0.65<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">58 ± 0.4<sup>c</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:25px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Globulin (mg/ 100 g tissue)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN" style="color:black">Different letters indicate significant differences between groups (mean ± SD)</span><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span bold="" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Table 3. Antioxidant enzymes in in zebrafish fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks (mean ± SD)</span></span></span></span>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Fourth treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Third treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Second treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">First treatment</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Factors/treatments</span></b></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:none; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">69 ± 7.1<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">67.0 ± 0.1<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:116px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">65.6 ± 0.1<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:124px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">53.5 ± 0.6<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">SOD (u/g)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">72.8 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">73.2 ± 3.5<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:116px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">63.85 ± 0.4<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:124px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">63.3 ± 0.4<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">CAT (u/g)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">235 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">232 ± 3<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">223.5 ± 1.5<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">221.1 ± 2.5<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">GPx (u/g)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN" style="color:black">Different letters indicate significant differences between groups (mean ± SD)</span><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span bold="" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Table 4: immunity index in zebrafish in zebrafish fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks (mean ± SD)</span></span></span></span>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:108px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:10px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Fourth treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:98px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:10px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Third treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:10px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Second treatment</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:10px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">First treatment</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:184px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:10px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Factors/treatments</span></b></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:none; width:108px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:12px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">87.95 ± 0.45<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:98px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:12px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">83.15 ± 0.35<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:12px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">82.55 ± 0.95<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:12px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">71.95 ± 0.25<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:184px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:12px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Total protein (mg/100g tissue)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:108px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.46 ± 0.15<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:98px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.44 ± 0.15<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.48 ± 0.01<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.4 ± 0.01<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:184px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Immunoglobulin (mg/100 g tissue)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="width:108px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:9px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">40.95 ± 0.25<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:98px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:9px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">38.05 ± 1.45<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:9px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">20.5 ± 3.2<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:9px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">22.70 ± 1.1<sup>c</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="width:184px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:9px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Lysozyme (u/g/min)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:108px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">105.1 ± 1.5<sup>a</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:98px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">89.5 ± 0.5<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">84.5 ± 1.5<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">86.5 ± 0.5<sup>b</sup></span><sup><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></sup></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:184px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ACH50 (U%)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
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</div>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN" style="color:black">Different letters indicate significant differences between groups (mean ± SD)</span><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Discussion and conclusions </span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Fish growth and immunity improved in fish fed supplemented diets compare to the control group. Improving fish performance through organic acids and probiotics is possible in several ways, including reducing gastric pH, which increases pepsin activation, reducing intestinal pH, which leads to increased mineral dissolution and subsequent absorption by organic and probiotics.</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"> It can be concluded that the use of a diet containing <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> and sodium propionate in zebrafish has numerous positive effects. Overall, the findings suggest that these supplements can be effectively utilized both separately and in combination, specifically at levels of 1% sodium propionate and 0.1% <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> (5 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU) in aquaculture.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Conflicts of interest </span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</span></span><b> </b></span></span></span>
Lactobacillus casei, پروپیونات سدیم, ماهی زبرا, ایمنی, آنزیم, شاخص بیوشیمیایی
Lactobacillus casei, sodium propionate, zebrafish, immunity, enzyme, biochemical index
131
142
http://isfj.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1112-15&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Ehsan
aKBARNEJAD
احسان
اکبرنژاد
ehsanakbarnejad123@gmail.com
100319475328460039552
100319475328460039552
No
گروه شیلات، دانشکده علوم دامی و شیلات، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران، صندوق پستی: 578
Sakineh
Yeganeh
سکینه
یگانه
skyeganeh@gmail.com
100319475328460039553
100319475328460039553
Yes
گروه شیلات، دانشکده علوم دامی و شیلات، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران، صندوق پستی: 578
sedigheh
mohammadzadeh
صدیقه
محمدزاده
mohammadzadeh.sedigheh@yahoo.com
100319475328460039554
100319475328460039554
No
دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه تخصصی فناوریهای نوین، آمل، ایران