Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal

fa مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ تأثیر مخلوطی از پروتئین‌های گیاهی و جانوری بر پایه گلوتن ذرت بر شاخص‌های رشد و بافت‌‌ دستگاه گوارش فیل‌ماهی (Huso huso) Effect mixture of vegetable and animal proteins based on corn gluten on growth rate and digestive tract tissue of beluga (Huso huso) تغذيه تغذيه پژوهشي Research به ‌منظور کاهش سهم آرد ماهی در جیره غذایی فیل‌ماهی جیره پایه‌ای مبتنی بر 54 درصد آرد ماهی ساخته شد. مخلوطی از پروتئین‌های جانوری و گیاهی (گلوتن ذرت: 35 درصد، گلوتن گندم: 34/19 درصد، آرد سویای فرآوری شده: 3 درصد، پودر ضایعات مرغ: 20 درصد، پودر گوشت و استخوان: 8 درصد، پودر خون: 3/4 درصد)، در سطوح 20، 40، 60 و 80 درصد جایگزین آرد ماهی (FM) شد (به‌ترتیب CGM20،CGM40، CGM60 و CGM80) و در نهایت 5 جیره با سطوح یکسان نیتروژن (44 درصد پروتئین خام) و انرژی (18 مگاژول/کیلوگرم) تولید گردید. فیل‌ماهیان با میانگین وزن 5/6 ±167 گرم تا حد سیری بر اساس تجربیات کارگاهی به مدت 12 هفته تغذیه شدند. در پایان دوره تغذیه جهت مطالعات بافت‌‌شناسی،30 درصد جمعیت ماهیان از هر مخزن برداشت گردید. سه قسمت از روده (بافت‌‌های قدامی، میانی و خلفی) برداشت شد. تثبیت و رنگ‌آمیزی شد. با استفاده از میکروسکوپ نوری مجهز به مانیتور، مطالعات بافت‌شناسی انجام شد. بافت روده ماهیان تغذیه‌شده با جیره CGM80 دچار نکروز و رکود صفراوی بود. اما مطالعات بافت‌شناسی در ماهیان تغذیه‌شده با جیره‌های FM، CGM20،CGM40  و  CGM60نشان داد که فضای لامینا پروپریا در حد مناسب، نکروزه شدن انتروسیت‌ها در حد ناچیز و تعداد سلول‌های جامی روده قدامی، میانی و انتهایی در حد متعادلی قرار دارد. نتایج نهایی بر این نکته اذعان داشت که جیره CGM80 تأثیر منفی بر رشد ماهیان ندارد، ولی موجب آسیب به دستگاه گوارش گردید. بنابراین، پیشنهاد می‌شود که در جیره غذایی فیل‌ماهی در مرحله پرواربندی مخلوطی از پروتئین‌های جانوری و گیاهی در سطوح 20 و 40 درصد جایگزین آرد ماهی در نظر گرفته شود. Introduction Fishmeal price were increasing every year and predicted that fish diet will have a wider range of ingredients replaced by fishmeal, such as vegetable sources, microbial protein sources, waste from fishing and animal protein waste (Glencross et al., 2007). Vegetable proteins can replace fish meal to some extent and have a negative effect on the growth of aquatic animals at high levels. But many studies have shown that a mixture of vegetable proteins can improve the amino acid profile compared to single protein source replaced by fish meal (Amaya et al., 2007).  By this method, high replacement with a blend of protein Vegetables have been reported in aquatic animal (Hansen et al., 2007), but increasing fiber, increasing carbohydrates and inappropriate amino acids in diets based on animal and vegetable proteins can led to a negative effect on fish digestive system that showed by growth reduction, immune system depress , low quality meat and even fish fatality in a long-term feeding period (Raskovic et al., 2011). therefore, in this experiment, the effect of a mixture of animal and vegetable proteins replaced by fish meal (levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80%) on the growth indices and digestive system tissue Huso huso were studied. Methodology In order to reduce the share of fishmeal in the diet of beluga, a basal diet based on 54% of fishmeal was made. A mixture of animal and vegetable proteins (corn gluten: 35%, wheat gluten: 19.34%, processed soybean flour: 3%, chicken by-products: 20%, meat and bone meal: 8%, blood meal: 3.4%) at 20, 40, 60 and 80% levels replaced with fishmeal (FM) (CGM20, CGM40, CGM60, and CGM80, respectively) and finally 5 isonitrogenous (44% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ/kg) diets were produced. The fish (Average weight: 167±6.5 gr) were fed to saturation for 12 weeks.  Biometry were carried out on month interval and by carrying out information obtained from fish length, weight and food consumption, growth indices and feed efficiency ratio were calculated. At the end of the feeding period, 30% of the fish population was collected from each tank for histological studies. Three parts of the intestine (hindgut, midgut, and foregut) were removed. It was fixed and stained. Histological studies were carried out by an optical microscope equipped with a monitor. Results There was no significant difference in the final weight and length of fish of different treatments (P>0.05). condition factor and percentage of weight gain of fish fed with FM, CGM20, CGM40, CGM60 and CGM80 had no no significant difference and percentage of weight gain was close to each other (243 to 298%) (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in specific growth rate and daily growth rate and food conversion ratio in fish fed with all diets (P>0.05). Fish fed FM had the highest protein efficiency ratio (1.75±0.23), but protein efficiency ratio in fish fed with CGM20, CGM40, CGM60 and CGM80 was in the range of 1.53 to 1.73%. But no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Histological studies were carried out by an optical microscope equipped with a monitor. The intestinal tissue of fish fed with CGM80 diet had necrosis and biliary stagnation. However, histological studies in fish fed with FM, CGM20, CGM40, and CGM60 diets showed that the lamina propria space is adequate, the necrosis of enterocytes is negligible, and the number of goblet cells in the anterior, middle, and distal intestine is balanced. The final results confirmed that the CGM80 did not a negative effect on the growth fish, but it caused damage to the digestive system.  In the present study, there is no significant difference in growth indices and food conversion ratio of fish fed with diets based on fish meal and diets based on corn gluten flour (a mixture of corn gluten: 35%, wheat gluten: 19.34%, soybean meal processed: 3%, poultry by product: 20%, meat and bone meal: 8%, blood powder: 4.3%). In this order, it seems be that alternative diets formulation based on a mixture of Animal and vegetable protein sources  were led to enriching of profile and biochemical composition of diet, In addition beluga Compared to white and Siberian sturheon is a species that can be fed with high carbohydrates percentages without growth reduction (Mohseni et al., 2011). In the present experiment, by increasing mixtures based on corn gluten-based in fish diet,  goblet cells were increased and reached to highest value in CGM80. goblet cells are related to immune system and mucus secretion in order to fluidity of digestive tract and create a protective barrier against mechanical and chemical damage (Marchetti et al., 2006). it seems that the increase of goblet cells in beluga fed with a mixture of vegetable proteins (CGM60 and CGM80) is a reaction against to mucous layer necrosis and reduction of intestinal villi in order to further damage of folds by secreting more mucins (Li et al., 2007), but in general, digestive tract epithelium damage in fish fed CGM20, CGM40 diets and CGM60 was negligible compared to fish fed with FM diets and did not lead to enteritis (intestinal inflammation). Therefore, it is suggested to replace fishmeal with a mixture of animal and vegetable proteins at 20 and 40% in Huso huso diet during the fattening stage. Conflict of Interest There is no conflict of interest between authors Acknowledgment This article is taken from the project " fish meal replacement by vegetable and animal proteins in Huso huso diet " ordered by the governorate of Gilan province. The authors sincerely thank to Mr. Hamid Nasahi, Vice President of Planning, Program and Budget Organization of Gilan Province and Dr. Mohammad Ali Yazdani Sadati for providing financial and hardware for project. They also express their special gratitude to Mr. Hoshang Yeganeh, Mr. Arash Shahbazi and Mr. Mohsen Hoshiar, who were distribution in feeding and rearing of fish. فیل‌ماهی, Huso huso, جایگزینی آرد ماهی, شاخص‌های رشد, بافت‌شناسی Beluga, Huso huso, Replacement, Growth index, Histology 17 37 http://isfj.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-911-7&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mir Hamed Sayed hassani میرحامد سیدحسنی mirhamedhassani@yahoo.mail 100319475328460039511 100319475328460039511 Yes Caspian Sea International Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Rasht. PO Box: 3464-41635. 1-انستیتو تحقیقات بین المللی تاسماهیان دریای خزر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO). رشت. صندوق پستی: 3464-41635 Mir masoud Sajjadii میرمسعود سجادی mmsajjadi@hotmail.com 100319475328460039512 100319475328460039512 No Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Gilan, Soamesara, Gilan, PO Box: 1144. گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، گیلان، صندوق پستی: ۱۱۴۴ Bahram Fallahatkar بهرام فلاحتکار falahatkar@guilan.ac.ir 100319475328460039513 100319475328460039513 No Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Gilan, Soamesara, Gilan, PO Box: 1144. گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، گیلان، صندوق پستی: ۱۱۴۴ Mahmoud Mohseni محمود محسنی 100319475328460039514 100319475328460039514 No Caspian Sea International Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Rasht. PO Box: 3464-41635. 1-انستیتو تحقیقات بین المللی تاسماهیان دریای خزر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO). رشت. صندوق پستی: 3464-41635 Ali Hallajian علی حلاجیان alihallajian@gmail.com 100319475328460039515 100319475328460039515 No Caspian Sea International Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Rasht. PO Box: 3464-41635. گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، گیلان، صندوق پستی: ۱۱۴۴ Ayoub Yousefi ایوب یوسفی ayoub2222002@yahoo.com 100319475328460039516 100319475328460039516 No Caspian Sea International Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Rasht. PO Box: 3464-41635. گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، گیلان، صندوق پستی: ۱۱۴۴ Maryam Monsef shokri مریم منصف شکری monsef_shokri@yahoo.com 100319475328460039517 100319475328460039517 No Caspian Sea International Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Rasht. PO Box: 3464-41635. گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، گیلان، صندوق پستی: ۱۱۴۴