Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal
مجله علمي شيلات ايران
isfj
Agriculture
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مقاله علمی – پژوهشی: اثر سطوح مختلف مکمل اسید صفراوی (Runeon 1) در جیره بر عملکرد رشد، ترکیبات لاشه و شاخصهای بیوشیمیایی سرم ماهی قزلآلای رنگینکمان (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Effect of different dietary bile acid supplementation (Runeon 1) levels on growth, performance, carcass composition, and serum biochemical factors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
تغذيه
تغذيه
پژوهشي
Research
<div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">این مطالعه</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"> جهت بررسی تـأثیر سطوح مکمل رونئون 1 حاوی 30 درصد اسید صفراوی در جیره غذایی بر شاخص</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">های رشد، تغذیه، ترکیب بیوشیمیایی لاشه و شاخصهای بیوشیمیایی سرم ماهی قزل</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">آلای رنگین کمان طراحی شد. بدین منظور، جیره</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">های حاوی 0، 300، 600 و 900 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم مکمل اسید صفراوی فرموله و ساخته شد. تعداد 600 قطعه بچه</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">ماهی قزل</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">آلای رنگین کمان با میانگین وزن 5</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">±</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">52 گرم در قالب 4 تیمار (هر یک با 3 تکرار) در 12 مخزن فایبرگلاس 2000 لیتری با حجم آبگیری 800 لیتر به مدت 75 روز ذخیره گردید. براساس نتایج میزان ضریب تبدیل غذایی در تیمار 900 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم زیر 1 بهدست آمد که نشاندهنده بهترین عملکرد در بین تیمارهای آزمایشی بود (05/0</span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">P</span></em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). وزن نهایی (28/7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">±</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">33/187 گرم) در تیمار مذکور نسبت به سایر تیمارها دارای اختلاف معنی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">دار بود (05/0></span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">P</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). همچنین ضریب رشد ویژه، ضریب چاقی، میزان کارایی پروتئین و درصد افزایش وزن بدن در تیمار 600 و 900 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم نسبت به سایر تیمارها از افزایش نسبی برخوردار بود<strong> </strong>(05/0</span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">P</span></em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). تیمارهای دریافتکننده مکمل اسید صفراوی نسبت به تیمار شاهد دارای میزان پروتئین بیشتر و خاکستر کمتری بودند. همچنین تیمارهای 300 و 600 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم میزان رطوبت بالاتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشتند (05/0></span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">P</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). از شاخصهای بیوشیمیایی سرم نیز گلوکز، تری گلیسیرید، آلبومین و لاکتات دهیدروژناز در بین تیمارهای آزمایشی اختلاف معنی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">داری نشان نداد، اما میزان کلسترول، پروتئین تام وگلوبولین در تیمار 900 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم در کیلوگرم نسبت به گروه شاهد دارای اختلاف معنی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">داری بود (05/0></span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">P</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). آنزیم آسپارتات ترانس آمیناز در تیمار 900 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم در کیلوگرم نسبت به گروه کنترل و 300 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم در کیلوگرم، آنزیم آلانین ترانس آمیناز در تیمار 900 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم در کیلوگرم و آنزیم آلکالین فسفاتاز در تیمار 300 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم در کیلوگرم نسبت به سایر تیمارها اختلاف معنی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">داری نشان داد (05/0></span></span><em><span dir="LTR" style="color:black">P</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">). بهبود نسبی شاخص</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">های رشد و تغذیه و ترکیبات لاشه و تغییرات برخی از شاخصهای بیوشیمیایی سرم، بیانگر عملکرد مثبت اضافه نمودن اسید صفراوی به میزان 900 میلی</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">گرم در کیلوگرم به جیره ماهی قزل</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">آلای رنگین کمان است این در حالی است که تأثیرات افزایش آنزیم</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">های کبدی در تیمار مذکور می</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">بایست مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گیرد.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Introduction</span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Ensuring food and nutritional security is a top issue for global food-producing sectors among the projections of a 60% increase in food consumption by 2050 due to population growth. To address this challenge sustainably, the food and feed industry must conserve resources while feeding a growing population (Saiprasad <i>et al</i>., 2023a). This rapid expansion of aquaculture has led to increased demand for protein sources for feed production (Wang <i>et al</i>., 2023) and straining the supply of natural protein ingredients, such as fishmeal and plant protein sources. As a necessary way to reduce protein inclusion levels in aquaculture feed, lipids and carbohydrates are extensively used. Lipids can serve as an energy source with high energy density, and fish has good lipid absorption and utilization ability. Carbohydrate is a cheaper energy source than lipids and protein, which also serves as a swelling and stabilizer agent in fish feed </span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">(Kamalam <i>et al</i>., 2017)</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that long-time ingestion of a high lipid/carbohydrate diet causes disturbance of lipid metabolism, excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, and mitochondria stress, thus inducing fatty liver disease and affecting the physiological condition and growth of fish (Ding <i>et al</i>., 2020; Jin <i>et al</i>., 2019a; Jin <i>et al</i>., 2020; Lin <i>et al</i>., 2018; Wang <i>et al</i>., 2021; Wang <i>et al</i>., 2020). Using functional feed additives is an effective way to relieve hepatic metabolic stress and improve fish health which has drawn considerable attention in the aquaculture nutrition field. Up to now, L-carnitine (Jin <i>et al</i>., 2019a), choline (Jin <i>et al</i>., 2019b), herb extract (He <i>et al</i>., 2021; Liu <i>et al</i>., 2021; Wang <i>et</i> <i>al</i>., 2021), and other feed additives showed positive effects on fish metabolic disorder. Bile acids (BAs) play important roles in lipid metabolism. They are synthesized from cholesterol exclusively by the liver. In the intestine, BAs act as detergents to emulsify and facilitate the absorption of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary BA supplementations on growth performance, carcass biochemical composition and Biochemical Factors of rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> <i>mykiss</i>).</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Methodology</span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">A 75- day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs, Roneon 30%) on nutritional index, growth, carcass biochemical composition, Biochemical Factors and economic return coefficient of rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> <i>mykiss</i>). An experiment was designed with four treatments each with three replicates. Experimental diets were made by supplementing a control diet (BA0) with 300, 600 and 900 mg bile acid (BA) kg<sup>− 1</sup> diet, respectively. 600 juvenile rainbow trout average initial weight of 52±5 g (±SD) were assigned to twelve 2000 L experimental tanks. Fish were sampled on day 75 and growth performance indices including Food conversion ratio (FCR), Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Specific growth rate (SGR), Condition factor (CF), and Weight gain percentage (WGP) were compared among the treatments. Also carcass composition (protein, fat, ash, moisture) and bichemical factors of serum including Aspartate transaminase enzyme (AST), Alanine transaminase enzyme (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP), Lactate Dehydrogenase, Glucose, Triglyceride, Albumin and total protein were analyzed.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Results</span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">At the end of the experiment food conversion ratio, (<1) in the treatment of 900 mg/kg showed the best performance among the experimental treatments. The final weight (187.33</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">±7.28</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"> g) had a significant difference compared to other treatments(<i>P</i><0.05). Specific growth rate, Condition factor, Protein efficiency ratio and Weight gain percentage were improved in fish fed with diets 600 and 900 mg/kg bile acid supplementation compered with other treatments. Also Treatments receiving bile acid supplementation had more crude protein and less ash than the control treatment and the 300 and 600 mg treatments had higher moisture content than other treatments (<i>P</i><0.05). Glucose, Triglyceride, Albumin and Lactate Dehydrogenase did not change by the addition of bile acid supplementation (<i>P</i>>0.05). Cholesterol content was significantly higher in fish fed diet containing 900 mg/kg bile acid supplementation compared with control group (<i>P</i>< 0.05). Aspartate transaminase enzyme in the treatment of 900 mg/kg compared to the control group and 300 mg/kg, Alanine transaminase enzyme in the treatment of 900 mg/kg and Alkaline phosphatase enzyme </span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">in the treatment of 300 mg/kg compared to other treatments showed significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05) (Tables 1- 3). </span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span bold="" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Table 1: Comparison of growth indices of rainbow trout in dietary treatments (Mean ± SD)</span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" class="Table" dir="rtl" style="width:612px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="612">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Control (0 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:120px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">T3 (900 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">T2 (600 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">T1 (300 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Parameter</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">52.25±0.86<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:120px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">53.70±1.71<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">50.72±2.14<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:123px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">52.82±1.16<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Initial Weight (g)</span><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">172.37±3.36<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:120px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">187.33±7.28<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">178.02±7.16<sup> ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:123px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">173.85±10.1<sup> ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Final Weight (g)</span><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">24.31±0.23<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:120px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">25.07±0.37<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">24.55±0.37<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:123px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">24.31±1.16<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Final Length (cm)</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.14±0.04<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:120px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.27±0.12<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.20±0.13<sup>a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:123px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.21±0.17<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Protein Efficiency Ratio</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.19±0.01<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:120px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.18±0.00<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.20±0.01<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:123px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.20±0.02<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Condition Factor</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:119px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">229.89±4.09<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:120px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">249.01±17.06<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">251.54±23.71<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">229±14.90 <sup>a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Weight Gain Percentage</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05).</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span bold="" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Table 2: Comparison of carcass composition of rainbow trout in dietary treatments (Mean ± SD)</span><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" class="Table" dir="rtl" style="width:6.25in; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="600">
<tbody>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:118px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Control (0 mg/kg)</span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">T3 (900 mg/kg)</span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:106px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">T2 (600 mg/kg)</span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">T1 (300 mg/kg)</span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:150px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Parameter (%)</span></span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:118px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">58.30±0.58<sup> c</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:112px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">58.67±0.51<sup> ab</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:106px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">59.55±0.9<sup> b</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">62.47±0.42<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:150px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Protein</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:118px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">30.33±0.72<sup> a</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:112px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">30.53±0.41<sup> a</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:106px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">29.95±0.58<sup> a</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">26.86±0.69<sup> b</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:150px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Fat</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:118px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">8.88±0.56<sup> a</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:112px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">7.46±0.12<sup> c</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:106px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">7.52±0.31<sup> c</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">8.18±0.2<sup>b</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:150px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Ash</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:118px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">72.92±0.47<sup> b</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">72.81±0.1<sup> b</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:106px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">73.83±0.52<sup> a</sup></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:115px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">73.95±0.44<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:150px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Moisture</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05).</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span bold="" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Table 3: Effects of dietary treatments on the Serum Biochemical Factors of Rainbow trout (Mean ± SD)</span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" class="Table" dir="rtl" style="width:594px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="594">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Control (0 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">T3 (900 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">T2 (600 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">T1 (300 mg/kg)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="color:black">Parameter</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">103.83±9.45<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">104.33±9.93<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">110.5±9.53<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">106.16±6.03<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Glucose</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">361.16±62.77<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">493.83±83.99<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">438.66±32.06<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">478.16±74.6<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Triglycerides</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">248.66±9.67<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">304.83±21.78<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">278.83±15.39<sup> ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">283.66±17.32<sup> ab</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Cholesterol</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">248.16±48.28<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">417±47.71<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">343.83±36.17<sup> ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">278.5±23.96<sup> b</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Aspartate Transaminase</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">8.5±.61<sup>ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">12.5±1.25<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">10±.73<sup> ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">10.16±1.22<sup> ab</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Alanine Aminotransferase</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">519.5±40.52<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">516.33±50.42<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">471.83±54.1<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">689.33±73.01<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Alkaline Phosphatase</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.86±0.04<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.03±0.04<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.93±0.04<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.96±0.11<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Albumin</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1556.83±279.89<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2646.16±745.51<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">3269.16±724.4<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1642±467.74<sup> a</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Lactate Dehydrogenase</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">3.88±0.11<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">4.93±0.46<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">4.26±0.15<sup> ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">4.38±0.23<sup> ab</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:none; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Total Protein</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.01±0.1<sup> b</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.9±0.47<sup> a</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:105px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.33±0.14<sup> ab</sup></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">2.41±0.15<sup> ab</sup></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:149px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Globulin</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05).</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Discussion and </span></span></b><b><span style="color:black">c</span></b><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">onclusion </span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">The changes of serum biochemical factors as well as the relative improvement of growth and nutrition factors indicated the positive performance of using 900 mg/kg bile acid supplementation in the diet of juvenile rainbow trout, while the effects of increasing Liver enzymes, the Serum Biochemical Factors in the mentioned treatment should be studied and investigated. Bile acid supplementation could also enhance crude protein and decrease of ash and moisture in treatment of 900 mg/kg while bile type, level and fish species</span></span> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">must be considered. This study discusses these aspects in regard to fish nutrition to help increase the inclusion of dietary fishmeal alternatives and thus enhance aquaculture sustainability.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Conflict of Interest</span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this study.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Acknowledgements</span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">We wish to express our thanks to the chairman and experts of Shahid Motahhari Genetic and Breeding Center of Coldwater Fishes, Yasouj, Iran.</span></span><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span>
مکمل اسید صفراوی, شاخصهای رشد و تغذیه, فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی سرم, قزلآلای رنگین کمان
Bile Acid Supplementation, Growth and Nutrition Indices, Serum Biochemical Factors, Rainbow trout.
143
157
http://isfj.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2067-5&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
seyed abdolhamid
hosseini
سید عبدالحمید
حسینی
hoseiniabdolhamid@gmail.com
100319475328460039555
100319475328460039555
No
Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),
سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی
alireza
ghaedi
علیرضا
قائدی
aliangler@gmail.com
100319475328460039556
100319475328460039556
Yes
Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),
سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی
roghayeh
mahmoudi
رقیه
محمودی
roghaye.mahmodi@gmail.com
100319475328460039557
100319475328460039557
No
Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),
سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی
mansour
sharifiyan
منصور
شریفیان
sharif_23m@yahoo.com
100319475328460039558
100319475328460039558
No
Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization
سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی- موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور-مرکز تحقیقات ژنتیک و اصلاح نژاد ماهیان سردابی یاسوج