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مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ تعیین وضعیت سلامت زیستی حوضچه‌های استحصال نمک پتروشیمی ماهشهر با استفاده از ماکروبنتوزها Determination of the biological health status of Mahshahr petrochemical salt extraction ponds using macrobenthos 1 1 در این مطالعه با توجه به حضور ناخواسته‌‌ گونه‌‌های ماهی و میگو در دریاچه حوضچه‌‌های نمک پتروشیمی ماهشهر جهت حفاظت از تنوع زیستی در این حوضچه‌‌ها و خور ادوله به عنوان تنها منبع تأمین‌کننده آب این حوضچه‌ها، از ماکروبنتوزها برای ارزیابی زیستی استفاده شد. به همین منظور تعداد 7 ایستگاه در خور اودله و حوضچه‌‌های استحصال نمکی شماره 1 و 2 انتخاب شدند. نمونه‌‌برداری از رسوبات در ایستگاه‌‌های انتخابی به صورت فصلی از خرداد 1402 لغایت اردیبهشت 1403 به‌ وسیله گراب مدل ون‌‌وین با سطح پوشش 0625/0 مترمربع انجام شد. در این تحقیق، 3 شاخه ماکروبنتوز، 14 خانواده و 13 گونه به همراه یک مرحله شفیره از حشرات شناسایی گردید. پرتاران در بین گروه‌های ماکروبنتوز شناسایی شده گروه غالب بودند. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان داد که از ایستگاه خور اودله به سمت ایستگاه‌‌های واقع در حوضچه‌‌های استحصال نمک درصد مواد آلی رسوب، درصد سیلت و رس و میزان فراوانی ماکروبنتوزها و شاخص تنوع و غناء گونه‌‌ایی روندی کاهشی و شاخص غالبیت روند صعودی را نشان داد. مقادیر شاخص زیستی AMBI در ایستگاه‌های مورد مطالعه در دوره نمونه‌‌برداری در دامنه 0-18/4 محاسبه شد. به طور کلی، براساس شاخص‌های زیستی، از ایستگاه خور به سمت حوضچه‌‌های استحصال نمکی شرایط از آلودگی کم به سمت شرایط با آلودگی زیاد پیشرفت کرده و این آلودگی و کاهش تراکم ماکروبنتوزها در ایستگاه‌های حوضچه‌‌های استحصال نمک به دلیل ماهیت شوری بالا، تبخیر شدید و غالبیت گونه‌‌های مقاوم، نسبت به ایستگاه‌‌های ورودی آب مشهودتر بود. 2 Introduction Mahshahr port is considered to be a strategic and economically important port among the ports of Iran, which is connected to Musi Creek and then the Persian Gulf through the tributaries of the Creek (Jafarian Moghadam et al., 2018). The salt ponds of the petrochemical complex, designed for salt extraction from seawater, inadvertently allow a variety of aquatic animals in their larval stages from Creeks to enter during the dewatering process. These creatures face challenging and stressful living conditions characterized by high salinity, intense evaporation, and insufficient water flow. The relationships between macrobenthos and natural environmental factors can be used to describe natural and artificial habitats and create basic knowledge that enables the detection of their spatial and temporal changes (Sule et al., 2024). There was limited information regarding the biotic and abiotic characteristics of salt ponds and Odleh Creek (Dehghan Madiseh et al., 2009; Heydari et al., 2021). To gain a more thorough and ongoing understanding of the region's condition, a detailed study was deemed necessary to assess biological parameters. This research aims to evaluate the health status of the community structure in salt extraction ponds and Odleh Creek, which serves as the sole source of water supply. Methodology Seven stations were selected in the Odleh Creek and salt extraction ponds No. 1 and 2. Sampling at the selected stations was conducted seasonally from May 2023 to April 2024. Sediment samples were gathered for macrobenthos identification, grain size analysis (GSA), and total organic matter (TOM) assessment, utilizing a van Veen grab with a coverage area of 0.0625 square meters. The total organic matter was determined using the combustion method, and sediment granularity was evaluated using the wet sieving technique (Buchanan, 1984). This study utilized the identification and counting of macrobenthos to evaluate the biological health of the target area, along with ecological indicators such as Shannon diversity, Margalef richness, Simpson's dominance, and AMBI index. Results As one moves away from the Creek and toward pond number 2, there was a noticeable increase in the levels of organic matter and silicate-clay. This study involved the isolation and identification of 50,908 individuals from three macrobenthic groups across four sampling seasons at seven designated stations in the Odleh Creek and Mahshahr salt ponds. The polychaetes were the most prevalent, comprising 17,600 individuals, while the mollusks were the least abundant, with only 2,552 individuals identified. Stations 1 and 2 showed the greatest density of crustaceans. At station 6, mollusks were the most abundant group, whereas station 7 was primarily dominated by insects. In the other stations, polychaetes were the most common. The total abundance of macrobenthos at different stations revealed that station 1 had the highest levels in the summer, whereas stations 4, 5, and 6 recorded the lowest levels during the winter. The results of this study showed that from Odleh Creek station to the stations located in the salt extraction ponds, the abundance of macrobenthos, and the indices of diversity and richness of species exhibited a decreasing trend, while the dominance index exhibited an increasing trend. Station 2 showed the highest Shannon diversity index and species richness, whereas station 7 had the lowest values. Conversely, the dominance index peaked at station 7. AMBI biological index values in the studied stations during the sampling period ranged from 0 to 4.18. In the analysis of the AMBI index at the Odleh Creek stations, station 3 exhibited a moderate level of pollution, while the other stations demonstrated low pollution levels. The calculation of this index was not possible at stations 6 and 7 due to the extremely low diversity of macrobenthic groups. Consequently, severe pollution conditions are anticipated at these stations based on this index. Discussion and conclusion The findings of this research, along with the examined biological indicators, indicate that the benthic communities at the stations prior to the ponds exhibit low to moderate levels of pollution. In contrast, the stations within the ponds demonstrate moderate to severe pollution. The rise in organic materials in the sediment, along with a decline in the density and diversity of benthic organisms at the stations within the salt pond, can be attributed to the unique characteristics of the salt pond's structure. Factors such as high salinity, reduced water levels due to evaporation, lack of water currents for oxygen exchange, and the accumulation of decomposing animals and plankton are more pronounced in these areas compared to the Odleh Creek stations. In line with this research, the studies conducted by Dehghan Madiseh et al. (2009) in the Odleh estuary found that the levels of indicators were comparable to those observed in the current study, indicating a low level of pollution. However, the abundance of benthic organisms was greater than what was reported in the present study (Dehghan Madiseh., 2009). Overall, the variations in the diversity and density of macrobenthos in artificial salt ponds appear to be linked to elevated salinity levels and the presence of organic matter in the sediment. Both factors play a significant role in influencing benthos. Implementing effective management strategies, such as drying the pond beds, establishing water channels, and dredging can help eliminate the remains of deceased animals and plants in the ponds. This will enhance the living conditions for the aquatic life inhabiting these salt ponds. 1 12 2024/10/21 1403/7/30 2024/12/30 1403/10/10 فرحناز کیان ارثی farahnaz kianersi موسسه تحقیقات Iran farahnaz.kianersi@gmail.com نجمه جهانی Najmeh Jahani گروه زیست شناسی دریا، دانشکده علوم اقیانوسی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر، ایران Iran شیرمحمدی مهرناز Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi پژوهشکده آبزی پروری آبهای جنوب کشور، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران Iran حسین هوشمند Hossein Hooshmand پژوهشکده آبزی پروری آبهای جنوب کشور، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران Iran محسن مزرعاوی Mohsen Mazraavi پژوهشکده آبزی پروری آبهای جنوب کشور، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران Iran جمیل بنی‌طرفی زادگان Jamil Bani Torfizadegan پژوهشکده آبزی پروری آبهای جنوب کشور، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران Iran فریدون عوفی Fereidoon Owfi مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران Iran سیروس ناصریان Siroos Naserian شرکت سهامی پتروشیمی بندر امام، ماهشهر، ایران Iran سید مهدی بابائی نژاد Seyed Mehdi Babaeinejad پژوهشکده آبزی پروری آبهای جنوب کشور، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران Iran Benthos Petrochemical salt pond Odleh Creek heavy metals AMBI index ماکروبنتوزها حوضچه نمک پتروشیمی خور اودله شاخص AMBI Acosta, J.A., Cano, A.F., Arocena, J.M., Debela, F. and Martínez-Martínez, S., 2009. 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مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ مدل‌سازی اثرات تغییرات اقلیم بر پراکنش سس ماهی بزرگ (زرده‌‌پر) (Luciobarbus capito) در رودخانه‌‌های حوضه جنوبی دریای خزر Predicting impacts of climate change on Bulatmai barbel (Luciobarbus capito) distribution in the rivers of the southern part of the Caspian Sea basin 1 1 کشور ایران یکی از نواحی مهم تنوع زیستی در جهان است. اما در حال حاضر اکثر گونه‌های ماهی‌‌های اکوسیستم آب شیرین در این کشور به دلیل فعالیت‌‌های انسانی با تهدید جدی روبه‌رو هستند. علاوه بر این تهدیدات، تغییرات اقلیمی نیز تهدید مضاعفی بوده که ممکن است سبب تسریع انقراض یا کاهش جمعیت گونه‌‌ها شود. سس ماهی بزرگ (Luciobarbus capito) یکی از گونه‌‌های بومی و باارزش شیلاتی حوضه جنوبی دریایی خزر است که در آخرین فهرست ارائه شده از اتحادیه بین‌المللی حفاظت از طبیعت (IUCN)[1]، در طبقه آسیب‌پذیر (VU)[2] قرار دارد. بدین منظور از 9 متغیر به عنوان متغیرهای اولیه در نظر گرفته شدند، پس از انجام آزمون همبستگی اسپیرمن اگر دو متغیر همبستگی بالای 75% داشتند، یکی از آنها با توجه به نظر کارشناسی و مطابق با نیاز اکولوژیک گونه انتخاب گردید. همچنین در این مطالعه پراکنش گونه مذکور در دو رویکرد خوش‌بینانه (RCP2.6)[3] و بدبینانه (RCP8.5) سال‌‌های 2050 و 2080 با استفاده از مدل حداکثر آنتروپی (MaxEnt) پیش‌بینی‌شده است. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد مدل در پیش‌‌بینی پراکنش گونه بر اساس معیار ارزیابی AUC[4] ، عالی (934/0) بوده است. بر اساس پیش‌‌بینی‌‌های مدل شده، مشخص کرد که این گونه احتمالاً در آینده در تمامی رویکردهای خو‌‌ش‌‌بینانه و بدبینانه‌‌ 2050 و 2080 با کاهش مطلوبیت زیستگاه روبرو خواهد بود. بنابراین، پیشنهاد می‌‌شود، مدیران و تصمیم گیرندگان حفاظت از این‌گونه اقتصادی را در اولویت خود قرار دهند و با برنامه‌ریزی‌‌های فوری و تصمیمات قابل اجرا و اقدامات مؤثر مانع از کاهش جمعیت آنها در آینده شوند. در ضمن، چنین مطالعه‌‌ای برای سایر گونه‌‌های حوضه‌‌های ایران می‌‌تواند به حفاظت از تنوع زیستی ارزشمند کشوردر برابر تهدیدات مختلف به‌خصوص تغییر اقلیم کمک موثری نماید.   [1] International Union for conservation of nature (IUCN) [2] Vulnerable (VU) [3] Representative concentration pathways (RCP) [4] Area under the curve (AUC)( مختصات منطقه تحت منحنی) 2 Introduction Today, the phenomenon of climate change has become one of the biggest challenges and serious threats to the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems (Mostafavi et al., 2017). Based on studies, climate change has already affected the distribution of aquatic life (Lam et al., 2020; Alegria et al., 2023). Due to the role of human factors, this phenomenon is occurring with a greater speed and intensity, therefore species and ecosystems may not have enough time to adapt and harmonize with environmental changes (Lovejoy and Hannah, 2006) and Finally, it is possible with changes in species communities (Zurell et al., 2020), spatial and temporal changes in the level of species interactions (Kelly et al., 2012; Forrester, 2014), displacement of ecological niches and distribution basins (Bellard et al., 2012) as well as extinction or adaptation of species (Román-Palacios et al., 2020). The results of studies show that during the next few decades, climate change can be one of the biggest threats to biodiversity in the world (Mostfavi et al., 2014, 2015; Makki et al., 2023). In addition, changes in the distribution of species, population and structure of communities will bring many threats in the future (Moss et al., 2009). During the last century, the most vulnerable habitats to climate change were freshwater ecosystems (Bouska et al., 2015). The decrease in river flow, the decrease in rainfall, and the increase in temperature in these ecosystems have all had negative consequences on freshwater fish (Harrod, 2015). Methodology The studied area is the rivers of the southern basin of the Caspian Sea, which has native species with economic and fishery value. In this study, attendance method was used for modeling. Environmental and climatic data used for modeling including habitat and climatic data were extracted from reliable foreign sites such as www.worldclim.org and internal (from domestic organizations such as natural resources and environment). In this connection, 9 variables include the maximum width of the river, Elevation, slope, Flow Accumulation, temperature range, average The average temperature, the average minimum temperature, the average maximum temperature and (Ave-Precipitation) were considered as primary variables, which after performing the Spearman correlation test If two variables have a correlation above 75%, one of them is selected according to the expert opinion and according to the ecological needs of the species (Mostafavi et al., 2014; Makki et al., 2023) (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Iranian rivers in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea (Arc GIS ver. 10.8) Then species distribution modeling using MaxEnt model (Phillips et al., 2017) in R v3.2.3 software environment (R Core Team, 2020) and dismo v1.1-4 software package (Hijmans et al., 2017) was done. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the model performance and modeling results, the area under the curve (AUC) (Table 1) of the system performance characteristic (ROC) was calculated (Lobo et al., 2008). According to the range of AUC between 0 and 1, values ​​less than 0.5 indicate random prediction performance and 1 values ​​with perfect prediction. In fact, values ​​less than 0.5 indicate inappropriate models (Elith et al., 2009). Also, using the jackknife test, the variable that had the greatest effect in determining the distribution of the studied species was determined. Finally, the distribution map of big fish sauce in the Caspian watershed was produced under climate scenarios in 2050 and 2080 (Tables 1 and 2). Table 1: A quantitative and qualitative classification of model performance based on the AUC index Value AUC Model performance 0.6-0.7 Very Poor 0.7-0.8 Poor 0.8-0.9 Good 0.9-1 Excellent Table 2: How to measure changes in species distribution range Range of change in distribution Loss (%) Gain (%) Parameter Loss (%) _ Gain (%) Loss/NC *100 Gain/NC * 100 Formula The amount of rivers or stable habitats: (Stable), the amount of lost rivers or habitats: (Loss), the amount of rivers or habitats that have favorable habitats: (Gain), current distribution Types: NC (Stable + Loss) Results Model performance: According to the results of the performance evaluation of the MaxEnt model using the AUC index, the model performance for the species L. capito was at an excellent level (AUC = 0.922), so the results of this model show that it has excellent ability in predicting the distribution of large-bodied fish (large-bodied fish, steelhead fish, fish, yellowtail) in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea (Fig. 2).    Importance of variables: Based on the results, the annual precipitation variable (BIO12) is more important than other variables in determining the distribution of this species (Fig. 3).  Species distribution prediction: According to Table (3), the potential distribution of L. capito species is affected by RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios in the years 2050 and 2080, and these changes are increasing. Figure 2: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and AUC index Figure 3: Variables relative importance for distribution of Luciobarbus capito Table 3: Percentage of gain, loss, and range change of species under scenarios for 2050 and 2080 Species Climate scenarios RCP2.6 RCP8.5 Time period 2050 2080 2050 2080 L. capito Loss (%) -51.97 -55.16 -50.88 -47.76 Gain (%) 24.91 27.09 33.21 36.04 Range of change in distribution -27.06 -28.07 -17.66 -11.71  Discussion and conclusion In response to the phenomenon of climate change, species usually choose one of four scenarios: a decrease in habitat desirability, an increase in habitat desirability, both a decrease and an increase in habitat desirability, or no change in habitat (Carosi et al., 2019; Yousefi et al., 2020). Also, the results showed that annual rainfall, average annual temperature and cumulative flow are the main factors affecting the distribution of this species, and these factors will reduce the favorable habitat of fish sauce in the scenarios of 2050 and 2080 in both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. According to the present results, the percentage of unfavorable habitats is more than favorable and the species will be forced to migrate to new places. Of course, this success in changing location or migration depends on various factors such as the suitability of the physical and biological conditions of the habitat and the continuity of the river (Mostafavi et al., 2015, 2019). This is despite the fact that the natural condition of the rivers of the southern Caspian basin, according to the studies of researchers in the last few decades, has been affected by factors such as climate change, population increase, excessive use of running and underground water for the expansion of agriculture. , construction of dams in the migration path of freshwater fish, overfishing of some species of fish, overtaking of sand from the riverbed (destruction of the habitat), increase in environmental pollution, lack of a plan Environmental management as well as the introduction of non-native species have caused double pressure on aquatic ecosystems, and all these issues have caused a lot of habitat changes and limited the habitat and biodiversity of many fish in the rivers of the southern Caspian basin. (Mostafavi et al., 2015 and 2019; Mousavi-Sabet et al., 2023; Abbasi et al., 2023). As a result, the fish will have less chance to reach the right part of the river. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce all the obstacles and problems in the way of this type with local value and proper management, and also with proper protection strategies in each region to facilitate the migration and movement of freshwater fish in the rivers. (Mostafavi et al., 2022). If the species does not adapt and migrate to the changes in ecosystems, the species will be doomed to extinction (Bednarek and Mołoniewicz, 2023; Makki et al., 2023). It is important that the managers do the necessary planning to solve these problems Although today the main cause of species extinction is habitat destruction, it seems that the first factor in the next few decades will be climate change (Leadley, 2010). The results of most studies show that each of the fish species show a specific reaction to the environmental changes resulting from climate change, according to the initial conditions of their ecosystems, which in each species can be different (Buisson et al., 2008; Carosi et al., 2019). These changes in potential distribution can be different for each species due to specific ecological characteristics, their needs, as well as diversity in climatic scenarios (Moëzzi et al., 2022). As can be seen, usually different species show different reactions apart from being under threat, exclusive nativeness, non-nativeness, which is probably related to their inherent and genetic characteristics. Mustafavi et al., 2017). In addition, another very important point that should be noted is that uncertainty in modeling must be considered for all studies and species, which will include: - Sampling with precision and standard methods (such as Mostafavi et al., 2015, 2019) - Using more points in modeling - Use of more accurate and new variables - Using different modeling methods and comparing the results The present study has shown the effect of climate change on the distribution of large fish sauce in the Caspian Sea. Considering that the studied species is in the UV category in the IUCN list and is one of the valuable species of the Caspian Sea basin, the policy makers and managers of the country's fisheries institute can make use of the information of such studies. Identify the distribution of native, sensitive, endangered and economic species and prevent their extinction by restoring their habitat and adopt and implement a suitable strategy to preserve the reserves of these species. 13 26 2024/10/212024/05/26 1403/3/6 2024/12/302024/12/30 1403/10/10 رضا فرضی reza farzi گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه سرا، ایران Iran r.farzi1371@gmail.com سیدحامد موسوی ثابت Seyed Hamed Mousavi Sabet گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه سرا، ایران Iran mosavii.h@gmail.com حسین مصطفوی Hossein Mostafavi گروه تنوع زیستی و مدیریت اکوسیستم‌ها، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Iran hmostafaviw@gmail.com Biodiversity Climate change Species distribution modeling Maxent Conservation تغییر اقلیم مدل‌‌سازی توزیع گونه مکسنت حفاظت دریای خزر 1. Abbasi, K., Mirzajani, A. and Moradi, M., 2023. Diversity and abundance of fish in the Sefidroud River. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 32(3): 1-12. (In Persian). 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مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ اثر فرمولاسیون و غلظت‌‌های مختلف پلی ساکارید الوان از جلبک Ulva rigida بر ویژگی‌‌های سوسیس مرغ Effect of different formulations and concentrations of Ulvan polysaccharides from Ulva rigida on the characteristics of chicken sausage 1 1 هدف از مطالعه حاضر تولید سوسیس مرغ غنی شده با پلی ساکارید الوان استخراج شده از جلبک دریایی Ulva rigida و ارزیابی ویژگی‌‌های مختلف آن بود. بدین منظور ابتدا فرمولاسیون‌‌های مختلفی (4 فرمولاسیون) برای تولید سوسیس مرغ استفاده شد. از بین این تیمارها، تیمار منتخب با استفاده از ویژگی‌‌های حسی تعیین گردید. نتایج ارزیابی‌‌های حسی این مرحله نشان داد که از بین فرمولاسیون‌‌های مختلف سوسیس، فرمولاسیون 4 که حاوی 55 درصد گوشت مرغ، 4 درصد نشاسته ذرت، 2 درصد ایزوله پروتئینی سویا، 1 درصد پودر تخم مرغ، 5/0 درصد سیر، 9 درصد روغن گیاهی و 38/24 درصد پودر یخ بود، دارای بالاترین امتیازات حسی نسبت به بقیه فرمولاسیون‌‌ها بود. در ادامه، غلظت‌‌های 5/0، 1 و 5/1 درصد پلی ساکارید الوانِ استخراج شده به تیمار سوسیس منتخب، اضافه شده و ویژگی‌‌های حسی سوسیس‌‌ها مجدداً ارزیابی شد. نتایج ارزیابی حسی این مرحله نشان داد که سوسیس مرغ حاوی غلظت 5/0 درصد پلی ساکارید الوان،  امتیازات حسی بیشتری نسبت به سوسیس‌‌های حاوی غلظت‌‌های 1 و 5/1 درصد این پلی ساکارید کسب کرد. بنابراین، این تیمار به عنوان تیمار نهایی انتخاب و ویژگی‌‌های مختلف آن از قبیل افت پخت، محتوی رطوبت، ویژگی‌‌های شیمیایی، بافتی، میکروبی و رنگ، سنجش شده و با نتایج تیمار سوسیس مرغ شاهد مقایسه شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار غنی شده دارای افت پخت و مقادیر پراکسید، TBA، TVB-N و بار باکتریایی کل کمتری نسبت به سوسیس‌‌های شاهد بود. مقادیر سختی و فنریت به‌ترتیب در سوسیس‌‌های غنی شده نسبت به سوسیس‌‌های شاهد، افزایش و کاهش یافتند. شاخص‌‌های رنگی (L*، a* و b*) نیز در تیمار غنی شده نسبت به تیمار شاهد، کاهش یافتند. در مجموع، با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده می‌‌توان عنوان نمود که سوسیس مرغ حاوی پلی ساکارید الوان استخراج شده از جلبک U. rigida به میزان 5/0 درصد دارای ویژگی‌‌های کیفی مناسبی است. 2 Extended Abstract Introduction Seaweeds are one of the natural resources which contain different bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, pigments, proteins, and peptides. These bioactive compounds possess various activities so; they could be used to promote human health and prevent diseases. Between them, polysaccharides are one of the earliest compounds that were identified and extracted from seaweeds. In the last decades, different polysaccharides such as alginate, agar and carrageenan have been extracted from seaweeds and used in different food products as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers and fat replacers. However, in recent years, the sulphated polysaccharides such as fucoidan and ulvan were gained more attention due to their bioactivities. Ulvan is extracted from green seaweeds and it is mainly made up of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, xylose, mannose, galactose, fucose, glucose, and fructose monosaccharaides. Till now, Ulvan was extracted from different species such as Ulva rigida, Ulva rotundata, Ulva pertusa, Ulva lactuca, Ulva intestinalis, Ulothrix flacca and Ulva clathrata and characterized. Results of these studies demonstrated that the ulvan of different green seaweeds had water and oil holding, emulsifying, and foaming properties and also antitumor, immunostimulating, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. So, Ulvan could be used in food and cosmetic product formulation as a nutraceutical and natural agents. Beef sausage, yogurt and surimi-based products (fish finger) are examples of food products which fortified with ulvan polysaccharide. However, to date, there is no information regarding the use of ulvan from U. rigida samples in chicken sausage. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to produce chicken sausage fortified with ulvan polysaccharide extracted from U. rigida and evaluation its properties. Methodology At first, the dried seaweed samples were milled to a fine powder using a home-scale grinder. Then, 20 g of powdered U. rigida samples were added to 200 mL of ethanol (85%) and stirred for 24 h at room temperature. Solid parts were separated using filtration, washed several times with ethanol (99%), rinsed with acetone, and dried at room temperature. Extraction of ulvan from Ulva rigida samples was done by hot water method. Briefly, 10 g of treated and dried U. rigida samples were added to 200 mL of distilled water. Then, the extraction suspension was heated for 4 h at 65 °C. The recovered liquid part was concentrated up to 100 mL using a rotary evaporator at 50 °C. After that, the cold ethanol (300 mL) was added to the concentrated liquid part, and the suspension was maintained in a fridge (4 °C). After 21 h, the formed polysaccharide fibers were homogenized using a food blender for 3 min. The homogenized polysaccharides were collected using centrifugation (3000 rpm, 5 min), washed several times with ethanol and acetone, and dried at room temperature overnight. In the next experiment of study, the extracted ulvan were incorporated in the formulation of chicken sausage as natural bioactive ingredient. To do this, different formulations (4 formulations) were prepared for production of chicken sausage. The concentration of chicken meat, corn starch, soy isolate protein, egg powder, frozen garlic, oil and ice flake were varied in these formulations. The sensory evaluations were done for the prepared sausages in order to select the best formulation. The sensory characteristics (odour, colour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability) of different sausages were evaluated by panellists.  After that, different concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 1.5% w/w) of extracted ulvan were added to the selected chicken sausage formulation and the cooking yield, moisture content, chemical (PV, TBA, TVB-N), microbial (total viable count), textural (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness), colour (L*, a*, b*) and sensory characteristics of the sausage product were evaluated. Results The results of the initial sensory evaluation showed that among the different sausage formulations, formulation 4, which contained 55% chicken meat, 4% corn starch, 2% soy isolate protein, 1% egg powder, 0.5% frozen garlic, 9% oil and 24.38% ice flakes received higher scores for flavor, texture and overall acceptability than the other formulations. The sensory evaluation of second experiments also showed that with increasing the ulvan concentration in sausage formulation all of sensory parameters were decreased especially flavor and overall acceptability. In these two parameters just formulation containing 0.5% ulvan was in acceptable range. Based on these, the chicken sausages containing 0.5% of ulvan was selected as the final treatment and its characteristics such as cooking loss, moisture content, chemical, textural, microbial and color properties were measured. Control sausage and fortified sausage had 0.49% and 0.35% cooking loss, respectively. Fortified sausage (67.41%) showed higher moisture content than control sausage (66.23%). ... 27 38 2024/10/212024/05/262024/10/8 1403/7/17 2024/12/302024/12/302024/12/30 1403/10/10 مهدی آل بوفتیله Mehdi Alboofetileh پژوهشکده اکولوژی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان Iran alboofetileh@areeo.ac.ir سمیرا جدی Samira Jeddi پژوهشکده اکولوژی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان Iran Jeddi.ch.88@gmail.com فاطمه نوغانی Fatemeh Noghani مرکز ملی تحقیقات فرآوری آبزیان Iran fnoghani@yahoo.com صغری کمالی Soghra Kamali مرکز ملی تحقیقات فرآوری آبزیان Iran amaneh.k96@gmail.com Green seaweeds Bioactive polysaccharide Fortification Meat-based products. جلبک‌‌های سبز پلی ساکاریدهای زیست فعال غنی سازی فرآورده‌‌های گوشتی Alaei, F., Hojjatoleslamy, M. and Dehkordi, S.M.H., 2018. The effect of inulin as a fat substitute on the physicochemical and sensory properties of chicken sausages. Food Science and Nutrition, 6(2): 512-519. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.585##Alboofetileh, M., Rezaei, M., Hamzeh, A., Tabarsa, M. and Cravotto, G., 2022. 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مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ کنترل رشد باکتری Staphylococcus aureus در فیله کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio) با استفاده از پد جاذب حاوی اسانس رزماری (Rosmarinus officinalis) Control of Staphylococcus aureus growth in Cyprinus carpio fillet by using absorbent pads containing rosemary essential oil 1 1 در مطالعه حاضر تأثیر پد جاذب حاوی اسانس رزماری بر زمان ماندگاری فیله کپور معمولی تلقیح شده با باکتری Staphylococcus aureus طی نگهداری در یخچال (4 درجه سانتی‌گراد) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. اسانس رزماری با استفاده از دستگاه Clevenger به روش تقطیر آبی استخراج گردید. پس از تعیین حداکثر غلظت اسانس رزماری که فاقد تاثیرات نامطلوب بر ویژگی‌‌های ارگانولپیتیک فیله ماهی بود، فیله‌‌های تلقیح شده با باکتری S. aureus CFU/g) 103) روی پد‌‌های جاذب حاوی 10 میلی‌لیتر اسانس رزماری 5/0 درصد (تیمار ۱)، 1 درصد (تیمار ۲) و 5/1 درصد (تیمار ۳) قرار گرفته و پس از بسته‌بندی در یخچال (4 درجه سانتی‌گراد) نگهداری شدند. فراسنجه‌‌های شیمیایی (pH، PV، TBA، TVB-N) و میکروبی (شمارش باکتری S. aureus، TVC و PTC) در زمان‌های 24، 72، 120، 168 و 216 ساعت اندازه‌‌گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین و کمترین تعداد باکتری S.  aureus، تعداد کل باکتری‌‌های مزوفیل و باکتری‌‌های سرماگرا به‌ترتیب در تیمار شاهد و تیمار 3، هنگام نگهداری مشاهده گردید. پد جاذب حاوی 10 میلی لیتر اسانس رزماری 5/1 درصد بیشترین تأثیر را درکند شدن روند افزایشی PV، TBA و TVB-N نشان داد به‌طوری‌که در پایان زمان آزمایش مقدار این شاخص‌ها به‌ترتیب 23/0±13/ 5، 10/ ±02/ 2 و 94/1±47/ 30 در تیمار شاهد و 12/0±37/ 3، 08/0±33/ 1 و 25/1±10/ 20 در تیمار 3 مشاهده گردید. بنابراین، از نتایج این تحقیق می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که پد جاذب حاوی اسانس رزماری دارای خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی و آنتی باکتریایی است و زمان ماندگاری فیله ماهی کپور معمولی هنگام نگهداری در یخچال را 3 روز افزایش داد. 2 Introduction The water-holding capacity of meat stored under cold conditions gradually decreases, leading to the release of liquid from muscle tissue—a phenomenon known as exudation. The accumulation of these liquids can significantly reduce the quality of chilled meat due to microbial activity, fat oxidation, and enzymatic reactions (Dai et al., 2022). Therefore, controlling the release of exudates during storage is essential to ensure the quality and safety of fish meat. Antimicrobial absorbent pads represent a key innovation in active packaging systems (Bovi et al., 2019). These pads are designed to absorb moisture and exudates from freshly packaged foods and serve as effective carriers for antimicrobial agents. Essential oils, natural compounds with antibacterial properties, have gained popularity due to the growing consumer demand for preservative-free foods. Among these, rosemary essential oil is widely utilized in medical and pharmaceutical industries owing to its antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, and anti-cancer properties (Luqman et al., 2021). The control of foodborne diseases is critical due to their economic implications and serious public health risks. Contaminated food, particularly fish, is often associated with illnesses caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in fish and its products typically results from contamination during handling, including catching, transportation, storage, processing, and preparation (Cortés-Sánchez et al., 2020). Considering these challenges, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of absorbent pads containing rosemary essential oil on reducing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets. Additionally, this study investigated the chemical and microbial changes in common carp fillets during refrigerated storage. Methodology                                  Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oil was extracted by using the Clevenger water distillation method. To determine the maximum concentration of rosemary essential oil without adverse effects on the sensory characteristics of fish fillets, absorbent pads containing different concentrations of the rosemary essential oil (10 mL at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) were prepared. The fish fillets were placed on these pads, packaged and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C for 24 h. Afterward, the fillets were cooked at 90°C for 15 minutes and evaluated by a trained sensory panel (Ojagh et al., 2010). After sensory evaluation, the fillets inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (10³ CFU/g) were placed on absorbent pads containing 10 mL of rosemary essential oil at concentrations of 0.5% (Treatment 1), 1% (Treatment 2), and 1.5% (Treatment 3). Then the samples were packaged and stored in the refrigerator (4°C). Chemical parameters, including pH, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), as well as microbial parameters (Staphylococcus aureus, total aerobic mesophilic bacterial count [TVC] and psychrotrophic bacterial count [PTC]) were measured at intervals of 24, 72, 120, 168 and 216 h. Results The results demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus grew well in common carp fillets, with a significant increase observed over time (p<0.05). However, the bacterial count was lower in treatments containing rosemary essential oil, showing a significant reduction with increasing rosemary essential oil concentration. This finding highlights the inhibitory effect of rosemary essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus growth across different treatments and during refrigerated storage. The highest bacterial count was observed in the control, while the lowest was recorded in Treatment 3 (10 mL of 1.5% rosemary essential oil) after 216 h of storage time (p<0.05). The total counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria increased in all treatments with storage time and their peak was observed after 216 h of storage time (p<0.05) but the control (without essential oil) exhibited a significantly higher increase compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). Among the all treatments, the lowest bacterial count was observed in Treatment 3 (10 mL of 1.5% rosemary essential oil) at all storage times (p<0.05). The peroxide value (PV) results revealed significantly higher levels in the control compared to treatments containing rosemary essential oil. The highest PV was recorded in the control group after 216 h of storage time (p<0.05). Conversely, the lowest PV was consistently observed in Treatment 3 throughout the storage period (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid-(TBA) results showed that treatments containing rosemary essential oil had lower TBA levels compared to the control. Significant differences were observed between all treatments during refrigerated storage (p<0.05). This result indicated the effectiveness of rosemary essential oil in reducing lipid oxidation. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) levels were significantly higher in the control than the treatments containing rosemary essential oil (p<0.05). TVB-N values increased in all treatments during refrigerated storage. However, higher rosemary essential oil concentrations resulted in lower TVB-N levels in treatments containing the essential oil. However, there is no significant difference in TVB-N observed between treatments 2 and 3 during refrigerated storage. No significant differences in pH were observed between all treatments after 24 h. After 72 h, a decrease in pH was noted in all treatments. Then an increase was observed in pH just to the end of the storage period. This increase was less pronounced in treatments containing rosemary essential oil, and a significant difference was observed between the control and Treatments 2 and 3 after 216 h (p<0.05). Discussion and conclusion The results of the present study demonstrate the effect of rosemary essential oil on controlling the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in common carp fillets during refrigerated storage. Rosemary essential oil contains key active compounds, including rosmarinic acid, camphor, and cineole, which contribute to its antioxidant and antibacterial properties (Borges et al., 2019). Furthermore, increasing the concentration of rosemary essential oil resulted in a reduction in Staphylococcus aureus growth in this study. Similar results have been reported by other researchers (Arbab et al., 2020). The total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria count in the control and treatment 1 group were higher than treatments 2 and 3 at the end of the storage time. These results indicate an improvement in the antibacterial properties of the absorbent pads after the addition of rosemary essential oil. The results of Bakhtiari et al. (2020) showed that the addition of Carum copticum essential oil to absorbent pads controlled the growth of mesophilic bacteria in rainbow trout fillets. Reports of other researchers indicated that plant essential oils are effective in controlling peroxide values (PV). The results of the present study show that the PV of control exceeded the acceptable limit after 216 h storage time, while the PV of essential oil treatments remained within the acceptable range. A similar result was observed by Podineh et al. (2020). In this study, the lower value of TBA was obtained in the essential oil-treated groups compared to the control group. It can be attributed to the antioxidant properties of the essential oil (Becer et al., 2023). According to the present study, other studies have shown that essential oils from Origanum vulgare, Thymus mongolicus, and Illicium verum can effectively reduce TBA value. The TVB-N values in the essential oil treatments were lower compared to the control. These results are similar to the findings of other researchers (Li et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2024). The lower pH in the rosemary essential oil treatments can be attributed to the antimicrobial properties of rosemary essential oil. Finally, the results of this study demonstrate that absorbent pads containing rosemary essential oil have antioxidant and antibacterial properties and can be used to extend the shelf life of common carp fillets during refrigerated storage. Conflicts of interest The author declares that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript. Acknowledgment The current study was financially supported by the University of Zabol [grant No. OZ.GR.5120]. 39 53 2024/10/212024/05/262024/10/82024/11/17 1403/8/27 2024/12/302024/12/302024/12/302024/12/30 1403/10/10 سمیه پیشرو Somayeh Pishro گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران Iran mrs.pishro6932@gmail.com ابراهیم علیزاده دوغیکلایی Ebrahim Alizadeh Doughikollaee گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران Iran ebi_alizadeh2003@yahoo.com محسن شهریاری مقدم Mohsen Shahriari Moghadam گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران Iran mohsen.mshahriari@gmail.com مصطفی یوسف الهی Mostafa Yousef Elahi گروه علوم دام، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران Iran m.usefollahi@uoz.ac.ir Essential oil Staphylococcus aureus Absorbent pad Rosemary Cyprinus carpio fillet اسانس Staphylococcus aureus پد جاذب رزماری فیله کپور معمولی Abdollahi, M., Rezaei, M. and Farzi, G., 2014. 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مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ آلودگی میکروپلاستیک در ماهی سفید (Rutilus frisii) از سواحل جنوب غربی دریای خزر (استان گیلان) Microplastic contamination in the whitefish (Rutilus frisii) from the southwestern Coasts of the Caspian Sea (Guilan Province) 1 1 آلودگی میکروپلاستیک‌ها در اکوسیستم‌های آبی، از جمله دریای خزر، یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی قرن حاضر است. در این مطالعه، آلودگی میکروپلاستیک در ماهی سفید به عنوان گونه‌ای شاخص در دریای خزر، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نمونه‌‌برداری از 60 عدد ماهی سفید در سه ایستگاه ساحلی کیاشهر، انزلی و آستارا انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که تمامی نمونه‌ها حاوی میکروپلاستیک بودند و بیشترین آلودگی در ایستگاه انزلی با میانگین 50/35 ± 75/53 قطعه میکروپلاستیک به ازاء هر ماهی مشاهده گردید. آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه نیز تفاوت معنی‌داری را بین میزان آلودگی در ایستگاه انزلی نسبت به دو ایستگاه دیگر نشان داد (05/0˂p). میکروپلاستیک‌‌های شناسایی شده از نوع رشته‌ای بودند و بیشترین فراوانی را در اندازه 4-3 میلی‌متر داشتند. نتایج تجزیه‌وتحلیل طیف‌سنجی FTIR-ATR نشان داد که پلی‌‌اتیلن (PE) فراوان‌ترین نوع پلیمر در میکروپلاستیک‌های استخراجی بود. تنوع رنگی میکروپلاستیک‌ها در ایستگاه‌های مختلف متفاوت بود به‌‌طوری‌‌که رنگ آبی در ایستگاه‌های کیاشهر و انزلی و رنگ قرمز در ایستگاه آستارا دارای بیشترین فراوانی بود. یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان‌‌دهنده آلودگی گسترده میکروپلاستیک‌ها در ماهی سفید دریای خزر و ورود آن به زنجیره غذایی است. وجود میکروپلاستیک‌ها در دستگاه گوارش ماهی سفید می‌تواند اثرات زیانباری بر سلامت آبزیان و در نهایت سلامت انسان داشته باشد. بنابراین، اتخاذ تدابیر جدی برای کاهش ورود پلاستیک‌ها به دریای خزر ضروری است. 2 Introduction Plastics, despite their widespread applications and advantages across various industries, have become a significant environmental challenge due to their durability and persistence. Incomplete degradation of these materials in nature leads to the production of microplastics (plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters), which pose severe risks to the health of living organisms, particularly aquatic species (Arthur et al., 2008). These particles, due to their physical properties such as density, size, and shape, disperse unevenly in aquatic environments, with some floating on the water surface while others sink to deeper layers (Anderson et al., 2017). Microplastics are transferred through the food chain, with planktonic organisms playing a pivotal role in their transfer to higher trophic levels (Setӓlӓ et al., 2014). Accumulation of microplastics in the bodies of organisms can lead to physiological damages such as digestive and reproductive disorders (Farrell and Nelson, 2013). These particles are classified into primary (e.g., microbeads in cosmetics) and secondary (resulting from the degradation of larger plastics) types (Gouin et al., 2015). The identification of polymer types in microplastics is typically achieved using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, which, due to its high accuracy, serves as an effective tool for characterizing various plastic polymers (Li et al., 2020). Given the significance of the whitefish (Rutilus frisii) in the Caspian Sea ecosystem and its role as a biological indicator, this study aims to investigate microplastic contamination in this valuable species. The results of this research could contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of microplastic pollution on the Caspian Sea ecosystem and, consequently, on human health. Methodology The Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed lake in the world, with an area of 393,000 square kilometers and a coastline of 6,525 kilometers, is located between the continents of Asia and Europe, making it an important freshwater resource in the Eurasian region (Debus, 1995). Three stations with the highest potential for pollution were selected along the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea for sampling: Kiashahr (impacted by the Sefid Roud River), Bandar Anzali (affected by the Anzali Wetland), and Bandar Astara (influenced by pollution inflows from Azerbaijan) (Kostianoy et al., 2005). Sampling of the Caspian Sea whitefish was conducted in March 2022 and April 2022, with 20 fish purchased from local fishermen at each station and transferred to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the biological characteristics of the fish, including their weight, total length, and standard length, were recorded. After dissection, the gastrointestinal tract was extracted and digested with a 10% potassium hydroxide solution (Rochman et al., 2015; Karami et al., 2017). Microplastics were identified and counted using a 40× light microscope (Abbasi et al., 2018). To identify the polymer type of the extracted microplastics, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) crystal was employed (Veerasingam et al., 2021). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS software version 27, and appropriate tests (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis) were used for comparison of the data. Additionally, the results were presented graphically using Microsoft Excel version 2022. Results In this study, 60 Caspian Sea whitefish (Rutilus frisii) were randomly sampled from three coastal stations: Kiashahr, Bandar Anzali, and Bandar Astara (20 fish from each station) to investigate microplastic contamination. The gastrointestinal content analysis revealed the presence of microplastics in all samples. The analysis of microplastic contamination in Caspian Sea whitefish showed that all 60 fish contained microplastics. The Anzali station, with an average of 53.75 ± 35.50 microplastic particles per fish, exhibited the highest microplastic abundance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the contamination levels at Anzali station were significantly higher than those at Kiashahr and Astara stations (p< 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between Kiashahr and Astara. The color diversity of microplastics in Caspian Sea whitefish showed that both Kiashahr and Anzali stations exhibited greater color variety compared to Astara, with blue being the predominant color. In contrast, the Astara station displayed a relative dominance of red-colored microplastics. This suggests that the distribution of microplastic colors may vary, with local factors influencing this distribution. The microplastics extracted from the gastrointestinal tracts of the fish were classified into six size categories: 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2–3 mm, 3–4 mm, 4–5 mm, and larger than 5 mm. In all three stations, particles in the 3–4 mm range were the most abundant. A total of 1998 microplastic pieces were extracted from the gastrointestinal tracts of the 60 fish examined. All microplastics extracted from the fish were identified as fiber type microplastics across all three stations. The microplastics extracted from the gastrointestinal tracts of the fish were analyzed using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Eight different polymers were identified, including polyester, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), nylon, cellophane, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS). Among these, polyethylene (PE) was the most dominant polymer, accounting for 35% of the microplastics found in the gastrointestinal tracts of fish. Discussion and conclusion The present study demonstrated that 100% of Caspian Sea whitefish were contaminated with microplastics, indicating widespread contamination in this ecosystem. This finding is consistent with results from similar studies worldwide that have reported microplastic contamination in fishes (Arias et al., 2019; Tanaka and Takada, 2016). The primary sources of this pollution include the discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater through rivers and the release of fishing gear (Zakeri et al., 2020). Additionally, the diet of the whitefish, which includes bivalves contaminated with microplastics, plays a significant role in the transfer of this contamination to the fish (Bagheri et al., 2020). All microplastics found in the gastrointestinal tract of the fish were of the fiber type, which has also been identified as the predominant type in similar global studies (Luo et al., 2019; Hamed et al., 2023). In this study, microplastics of blue, red, pink, white, and green colors were found in the gastrointestinal tract of Caspian Sea whitefish. Blue and red colors were identified as the predominant colors. This finding is consistent with the results of Zhang et al., (2020), where blue was reported as the dominant color of microplastics. The size of the microplastics ranged from 0.5 mm to larger than 5 mm, with 3–4 mm being the predominant size. Various studies have reported different results; for instance, Tibbetts et al., (2018) reported microplastics smaller than 1 mm, and Zhao et al., (2015) reported sizes ranging from 1–2 mm. Smaller microplastics pose greater threats to marine organisms due to their larger surface area, higher chemical adsorption capacity, and greater potential for bioaccumulation (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2015). These findings highlight the potential impacts of microplastics on the Caspian Sea ecosystem (Lu et al., 2016). In this study, polyethylene was identified as the most dominant polymer (35%) among the microplastics detected in the gastrointestinal tract of Caspian whitefish, a finding that aligns with previous research (Napper and Thompson, 2016; Li et al., 2020). The results of this study indicate that urban and industrial wastewater, fishing activities, tourism, and coastal erosion significantly contribute to the increase of microplastic contamination in the Caspian Sea. The accumulation of these particles in the whitefish can transfer contaminants to higher trophic levels in the food chain, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, effective plastic waste management and the implementation of stringent regulations to reduce pollution are essential. 55 68 2024/10/212024/05/262024/10/82024/11/172024/09/19 1403/6/29 2024/12/302024/12/302024/12/302024/12/302024/12/30 1403/10/10 فرشته حاجی آقایی قاضی محله Fereshteh Haji Aghaei Ghazi Mahalleh گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه سرا، ایران Iran fereshte.hj22@yahoo.com جاوید ایمانپور نمین Javid Imanpour Namin گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه سرا، ایران Iran javidiman@gmail.com Caspian Sea Rutilus kutum Pollution Microplastic. دریای خزر آلودگی ماهی سفید میکروپلاستیک Microplastic pollution, as one of the most serious environmental challenges of the present century, has impacted aquatic ecosystems, including the Caspian Sea. This study investigated microplastic pollution in kutum (Rutilus kutum) as an indicator species in the Caspian Sea. Sampling of 60 pieces of Kutum fish was done in three coastal stations: Kiashahr, Anzali and Astara. The results showed that all the samples contained microplastic, and the highest contamination was observed at Anzali station, with an average of 53/75 ± 35/50 particles of MPs per fish. One-way analysis of variance also showed a significant difference between the level of pollution in the Anzali station compared to the other two stations (p˂0/05). The identified microplastics were of the fiber type and had the highest abundance in the size range of 3-4 mm. The results of FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy analysis showed that polyethylene was the most abundant type of polymer in the extracted microplastics. The color variation of microplastics (MPs) was different in different stations, the blue color was the most abundant in Kiashahr and Anzali stations, and the red color was the most abundant at Astara station. The findings of this study indicate widespread microplastic pollution in the Caspian Sea kutum and its entry into the food chain. The presence of microplastics in fish tissues can have harmful effects on the health of aquatic organisms and ultimately human health. Therefore, it is necessary to take serious measures to reduce the entry of plastics into the Caspian Sea.## ##

مقاله علمی – پژوهشی:‌ اثر سطوح ویتامین E جیره‌ غذایی بر عملکرد تولید مثل ماهی ماده شانک زردباله عربی (Acanthopagrus arabicus) Effect of dietary vitamin E on reproductive performance of female Arabian yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) 1 1 در این مطالعه اثرات ویتامین E بر عملکرد تولیدمثلی ماهیان ماده‌ی شانک زرد باله عربی (Acanthopagrus arabicus) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، به جیره پایه (50 درصد پروتئین خام، 18 درصد چربی خام) سطوح مختلف 0، 25، 50، 100، 250، 500 و 1000 میلی‌گرم ویتامین E در کیلوگرم غذا اضافه شد. بنابراین، 294 پیش مولد در 21 مخزن پلی اتیلن استوانه‌ای با حجم 5/1 مترمکعب (14 ماهی در هر مخزن) حاوی 2/1 متر مکعب آب دریا با شوری 2/40 گرم در لیتر، به نسبت جنسی 1:1 (نر: ماده) نگهداری شدند. ماهی‌ها دو بار در روز با جیره‌های آزمایشی، در طول مدت 135 روز تغذیه شدند. نتایج نشان داد که مکمل ویتامین E بر شاخص‌های رشد در مولدین ماده A. arabicus تاثیری نداشت. شاخص‌های تولیدمثلی شامل نرخ تخم ریزی، درصد لقاح، تخم گشایی و زنده‌مانی لارو در مولدین تغذیه شده با سطح 250 میلی گرم ویتامین E در کیلوگرم غذا افزایش یافت (05/0>P) درحالی‌که ناهنجاری جنین کاهش یافت. بر اساس یافته‌های مطالعه حاضر، افزودن 250 میلی‌گرم ویتامین E در کیلوگرم جیره غذایی برای بهبود عملکرد تولیدمثلی مانند درصد لقاح و تخم گشایی، نرخ تخم ریزی و زنده‌مانی لارو، در مولدهای ماده ماهی شانک زرد باله عربی توصیه می‌شود. 2 Introduction During gonadal development and sexual maturation in fish, the metabolic rate in these tissues increases rapidly, generating a substantial number of free radicals (Fernandez-Palacios et al., 1998; Izquierdo et al., 2001). Research on various fish species has shown that incorporating high levels of vitamin E into fish diets reduces larval deformities, improves fecundity, enhances larval quality and development, and increases antioxidant resistance in eggs (Nascimento et al., 2014; Erdogan and Arslan, 2021). Conversely, a deficiency of vitamin E in the diet of female broodstock can lead to the development of immature gonads, reduced egg fertilization, lower hatching rates, and decreased larval survival (Miller et al., 2012). During vitellogenesis in various fish species, vitamin E is transported by lipoproteins from visceral tissues to the ovaries (Lie et al., 1993; Hemre et al., 1994; Tokuda et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2019). For instance, in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), dietary supplementation of vitamin E at 1000 mg/kg has been found to enhance vitellogenesis, as well as the transfer and storage of this vitamin in the ovaries (Tokuda et al., 2000). Similarly, in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), the addition of vitamin E to the diet has been shown to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of reproductive hormones, specifically follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (Huang et al., 2019). Acanthopagrus arabicus, commonly known as the yellowfin seabream, is a carnivorous species belonging to the family Sparidae. It has been recognized as a promising candidate for the development of cage aquaculture along the southern coasts of Iran (Torfi Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). However, there is limited information regarding the vitamin requirements of this species, particularly for broodstock. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on the reproductive and physiological performance of A. arabicus. Methodology Initially, broodstock aged 1 to 2 years were captured by fishermen using hook fishing methods in the Khormousi fishing area, beginning in mid-November. The broodstock of A. arabicus was maintained in two concrete tanks, each with a volume of 10 cubic meters, at a density of 10 fish per cubic meter. Vitamin E was prepared at seven concentrations: 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg per kg of diet. The broodstocks were fed the experimental diets for 60 days before the onset of the breeding season and 75 days during the breeding season (from early March to mid-May). The experimental diets were provided to the broodstock twice daily (at 9:00 AM and 3:00 PM) until satiety was achieved. Spawning occurred naturally at the water temperature of 19°C. To collect the released eggs, the water inflow was shut off at 6:00 PM, and floating eggs were collected the following morning at 8:00 AM using a funnel net (300 micrometers). The formulas referenced by Safari et al. (2021) were then used to calculate spawning rates, fertilization rates, and other reproductive performance indicators. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests were employed to assess the normality and homogeneity of variance in the data. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's multiple range test was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E on reproductive responses. Additionally, orthogonal polynomial regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between reproductive factors and the dosage of vitamin E in the diet. Results The inclusion of varying vitamin E concentrations in the diet did not significantly affect the female broodstock's final weight, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, or gonadosomatic index. Broodstock fed a diet containing 250 mg of vitamin E per kg exhibited the highest relative fecundity. The duration of spawning in broodstock fed diets containing 100 and 250 mg of vitamin E per kg was significantly longer compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). The highest fertilization rate was observed in fish fed the diet supplemented with 250 mg of vitamin E per kg, while the control group exhibited the lowest fertilization percentage. Furthermore, the highest hatching rate and survival rate of three-day-old larvae were recorded in the group receiving 250 mg of vitamin E per kg. The lowest incidence of abnormalities during embryonic development occurred in the group fed a diet containing 50 mg of vitamin E per kg. The relationship between fertilization percentage, hatching rate, and larval survival indices with dietary vitamin E concentration followed a quadratic pattern. Discussion and conclusion The findings indicate that vitamin E supplementation did not significantly affect the growth indices of the broodstock. This lack of impact may be attributed to the allocation of energy and nutrients toward gonadal development, maturation, and gamete production, which likely reduced the energy available for somatic growth during the breeding season (Safari et al., 2021). Vitamin E plays a critical role in the synthesis of sex hormones in animals and has been shown to promote the accumulation of yolk granules in the ovaries as well as gonadal development in fish (Zhang et al., 2007). In the present study, the inclusion of 250 mg of vitamin E in the diet of female A. arabicus resulted in enhanced fecundity, prolonged spawning duration, improved fertilization and hatching rates, reduced embryonic abnormalities, and increased larval survival. Similarly, the addition of 200 mg of vitamin E to the diet of the swamp eel (Monopterus albus) has been reported to promote gonadal development, increase spawning activity, and enhance hatching rates (Zhang et al., 2007). Furthermore, a study on a cichlid species (Pseudotropheus socolofi) demonstrated that incorporating vitamin E at a concentration of 219.3 mg per kg significantly increased egg diameter, fecundity, spawning frequency, fertilization rates, hatching success, and larval survival (Erdogan and Arslan, 2019). Studies indicate that vitamin E can regulate reproductive hormone levels and the expression of related genes during different developmental stages in fish (Zhang et al., 2021). Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound essential for fish health and reproduction, acting as a structural element in cell membranes with antioxidant properties (Griesh et al., 2024). The results of the present study suggest that supplementing the diet with 250 mg of vitamin E improves reproductive efficiency and larval survival rate in the female Arabian yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus arabicus). Conflicts of interest I want to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest for this manuscript. 69 76 2024/10/212024/05/262024/10/82024/11/172024/09/192024/11/6 1403/8/16 2024/12/302024/12/302024/12/302024/12/302024/12/302024/12/30 1403/10/10 مجتبی ذبایح نجف آبادی Mojtaba Zabayeh Najafabadi دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر Iran h1359624@gmail.com حمید محمدی آذرم Hamid Mohammadiazarm دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر Iran azarmhamid@gmail.com منصور طرفی موزان زاده Mansour Torfi Mozanzadeh سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی Iran mansour.torfi@gmail.com علی شهریاری Ali Shahriari دانشگاه شهید چمران Iran a.shahriari@scu.ac.ir Vitamin E Arabian yellowfin seabream reproduction fertilization larval survival ویتامین E شانک زرد باله‌ عربی تولید مثل لقاح زنده‌مانی لارو El-Sayed, A-FM. and Izquierdo, M., 2022. The importance of vitamin E for farmed fish-A review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14:688–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12619##Erdogan, M. and Arslan, T., 2019. 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