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Volume 35, Issue 1 (4-2026) |
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Effect of bile salt supplementation on growth performance, feed efficiency and some plasma biochemical indices in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles
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Mansour Torfi Mozanzadeh1   , Samira Nazemroaya , Fatemeh Hekmatpour , Alireza Ghaedi , Reza Kazempour , Lefteh Mohseninejad , Hossein Houshmand , Mojtaba Zabayeh Najafabadi , Hamid Saghavi , Mohammad Youneszadeh Feshalami , Mina Ahangarzadeh , Abdolrahim Oosooli , Razieh Ananati , Mostafa Sadeghi Panah , Shapour Mehrjooyan |
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Abstract: (191 Views) |
Introduction
The Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer, is a carnivorous and marketable fish, with economic value in sea cages in the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea. The culture yield of this species in the country by 2022 was about 6000 tons, and its production rate in the world is more than 120,000 tons (FAO, 2024; Mozanzadeh et al., 2022). The best levels of protein and fat in the diet for feeding the fattening stage of this species are 45-48 and 12-15 percent, respectively (Williams et al., 2003). Currently, one of the strategies for preventing and treating fatty liver in fish is mainly based on feed additives, including bile acids (Romano et al., 2020). Bile acids are defined as sterol compounds with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties (Romano et al., 2020), playing an important role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats by helping to suspend fats in the digestive tract and increasing the activity of bile salt-activated lipase (Romano et al., 2020). Accordingly, a feeding trial was designed to investigate the potential of using bile acids (supplemented with Runeon 1) in formulated diets of juvenile Asian sea bass and the effect on growth performance and feed efficiency.
Methodology
A 120-day study was conducted to investigate the effects of bile salt supplementation on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and some health indices of L. calcarifer with an average initial weight of 182±0.5 g. The basal diet (44% protein and 15% fat) was supplemented with bile salt supplements (Ronion 1, 30% purity) at concentrations of zero (control), 400 (BA400), 800 (BA800), 1200 (BA1200) and 1600 (BA1600) mg/kg. Two hundred and twenty-five fish were stored in 15 1000-liter cylindrical polyethylene tanks (15 fish per tank) and fed the experimental diets to satiety for 120 days. The average water temperature during the period was 30.5±1.2°C and the water salinity was 46±0.2 g/L. Growth parameters, including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were determined. In addition, serum biochemical and immunological factors also were evaluated.
Results
Fish in the BA800 treatment had higher final weight, body weight gain percentage and specific growth rate than the control and BA400 groups (p<0.05, Table 1), but there was no significant difference with the BA1200 and BA1600 treatments. Feed conversion ratio in the BA800 and BA1200 treatments were lower than the other treatments. Liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly lower in the BA800 treatment compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). Serum glucose levels in the BA400 and BA1600 treatments had the lowest and highest levels, respectively, and the other groups had intermediate numbers. Serum lysozyme levels in the BA800 treatment were higher than those in the control, BA1200, and BA1600 groups, but were not significantly different from those in the BA400 treatment (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum complement activity levels among the experimental treatments. Antiprotease activity levels in the bile acid-fed treatments were significantly higher than those in the control group.
Discussion and conclusion
The use of bile acid supplements in formulated diets has improved the growth of many farmed aquatic species (Wang et al., 2023). The results of the present study showed that adding 800 mg/kg of bile salts to the diet of Asian sea bass increased growth by improving feed conversion ratio in this species. Appropriate levels of bile acids increase the digestibility and absorption of fats by increasing the efficiency of nutrient absorption and activating digestive enzymes, especially lipases in the intestine, and by improving the efficiency of the diet, they lead to increased growth in aquatic animals (Romano et al., 2020). However, excessive and inappropriate levels of bile acids may have toxic effects on cells and lead to reduced growth and feed conversion ratio, and the level of this level varies depending on the type of farmed species (Romano et al., 2020). This supplement also has positive effects on liver health by reducing liver enzyme levels and improving non-specific immunity by increasing serum lysozyme and antitrypsin activity. However, adding high levels of bile acids (1600 mg/kg) to the diet will reduce growth, feed conversion ratio, and increase liver enzymes and serum glucose. Based on the results obtained in this study, adding 800 mg of bile salts per kilogram of diet increased growth, decreased serum liver enzymes, and increased serum lysozyme and antitrypsin enzyme activity levels.
Conflict of interest
We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this study.
Acknowledgements
The authors of this article would like to thank and appreciate the efforts of Mr. Moghaddis Zadeh and Mr. Pazhand from the Bandar Imam Khomeini Marine Fish Research Station for maintaining the fish.
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| Keywords: Bile acids, growth performance, feed efficiency, health indicators, Asian sea bass |
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Full-Text [PDF 623 kb]
(81 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
تغذيه
Received: 2025/11/22 | Accepted: 2026/04/30 | Published: 2026/05/4
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Torfi Mozanzadeh M, Nazemroaya S, Hekmatpour F, Ghaedi A, Kazempour R, Mohseninejad L, et al . Effect of bile salt supplementation on growth performance, feed efficiency and some plasma biochemical indices in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles. isfj 2026; 35 (1) :49-59 URL: http://isfj.ir/article-1-2926-en.html
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