|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RSS |
|
|
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
 |
Volume 33, Issue 4 (10-2024) |
 |
|
|
|
|
Effect of different dietary bile acid supplementation (Runeon 1) levels on growth, performance, carcass composition, and serum biochemical factors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
|
Seyed abdolhamid Hosseini1   , Alireza Ghaedi1 , Roghayeh Mahmoudi1 , Mansour Sharifiyan2 |
1- Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),
2- Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization |
|
|
Abstract: (410 Views) |
Introduction
Ensuring food and nutritional security is a top issue for global food-producing sectors among the projections of a 60% increase in food consumption by 2050 due to population growth. To address this challenge sustainably, the food and feed industry must conserve resources while feeding a growing population (Saiprasad et al., 2023a). This rapid expansion of aquaculture has led to increased demand for protein sources for feed production (Wang et al., 2023) and straining the supply of natural protein ingredients, such as fishmeal and plant protein sources. As a necessary way to reduce protein inclusion levels in aquaculture feed, lipids and carbohydrates are extensively used. Lipids can serve as an energy source with high energy density, and fish has good lipid absorption and utilization ability. Carbohydrate is a cheaper energy source than lipids and protein, which also serves as a swelling and stabilizer agent in fish feed (Kamalam et al., 2017). However, numerous studies have demonstrated that long-time ingestion of a high lipid/carbohydrate diet causes disturbance of lipid metabolism, excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, and mitochondria stress, thus inducing fatty liver disease and affecting the physiological condition and growth of fish (Ding et al., 2020; Jin et al., 2019a; Jin et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020). Using functional feed additives is an effective way to relieve hepatic metabolic stress and improve fish health which has drawn considerable attention in the aquaculture nutrition field. Up to now, L-carnitine (Jin et al., 2019a), choline (Jin et al., 2019b), herb extract (He et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021), and other feed additives showed positive effects on fish metabolic disorder. Bile acids (BAs) play important roles in lipid metabolism. They are synthesized from cholesterol exclusively by the liver. In the intestine, BAs act as detergents to emulsify and facilitate the absorption of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary BA supplementations on growth performance, carcass biochemical composition and Biochemical Factors of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Methodology
A 75- day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs, Roneon 30%) on nutritional index, growth, carcass biochemical composition, Biochemical Factors and economic return coefficient of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). An experiment was designed with four treatments each with three replicates. Experimental diets were made by supplementing a control diet (BA0) with 300, 600 and 900 mg bile acid (BA) kg− 1 diet, respectively. 600 juvenile rainbow trout average initial weight of 52±5 g (±SD) were assigned to twelve 2000 L experimental tanks. Fish were sampled on day 75 and growth performance indices including Food conversion ratio (FCR), Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Specific growth rate (SGR), Condition factor (CF), and Weight gain percentage (WGP) were compared among the treatments. Also carcass composition (protein, fat, ash, moisture) and bichemical factors of serum including Aspartate transaminase enzyme (AST), Alanine transaminase enzyme (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP), Lactate Dehydrogenase, Glucose, Triglyceride, Albumin and total protein were analyzed.
Results
At the end of the experiment food conversion ratio, (<1) in the treatment of 900 mg/kg showed the best performance among the experimental treatments. The final weight (187.33±7.28 g) had a significant difference compared to other treatments(P<0.05). Specific growth rate, Condition factor, Protein efficiency ratio and Weight gain percentage were improved in fish fed with diets 600 and 900 mg/kg bile acid supplementation compered with other treatments. Also Treatments receiving bile acid supplementation had more crude protein and less ash than the control treatment and the 300 and 600 mg treatments had higher moisture content than other treatments (P<0.05). Glucose, Triglyceride, Albumin and Lactate Dehydrogenase did not change by the addition of bile acid supplementation (P>0.05). Cholesterol content was significantly higher in fish fed diet containing 900 mg/kg bile acid supplementation compared with control group (P< 0.05). Aspartate transaminase enzyme in the treatment of 900 mg/kg compared to the control group and 300 mg/kg, Alanine transaminase enzyme in the treatment of 900 mg/kg and Alkaline phosphatase enzyme in the treatment of 300 mg/kg compared to other treatments showed significant differences (P<0.05) (Tables 1- 3).
Table 1: Comparison of growth indices of rainbow trout in dietary treatments (Mean ± SD)
| Control (0 mg/kg) |
T3 (900 mg/kg) |
T2 (600 mg/kg) |
T1 (300 mg/kg) |
Parameter |
| 52.25±0.86 a |
53.70±1.71 a |
50.72±2.14 a |
52.82±1.16 a |
Initial Weight (g) |
| 172.37±3.36 b |
187.33±7.28 a |
178.02±7.16 ab |
173.85±10.1 ab |
Final Weight (g) |
| 24.31±0.23 a |
25.07±0.37 a |
24.55±0.37 a |
24.31±1.16 a |
Final Length (cm) |
| 2.14±0.04 a |
2.27±0.12 a |
2.20±0.13a |
2.21±0.17 a |
Protein Efficiency Ratio |
| 1.19±0.01 a |
1.18±0.00 a |
1.20±0.01 a |
1.20±0.02 a |
Condition Factor |
| 229.89±4.09 a |
249.01±17.06 a |
251.54±23.71 a |
229±14.90 a |
Weight Gain Percentage |
Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05).
Table 2: Comparison of carcass composition of rainbow trout in dietary treatments (Mean ± SD)
| Control (0 mg/kg) |
T3 (900 mg/kg) |
T2 (600 mg/kg) |
T1 (300 mg/kg) |
Parameter (%) |
| 58.30±0.58 c |
58.67±0.51 ab |
59.55±0.9 b |
62.47±0.42 a |
Protein |
| 30.33±0.72 a |
30.53±0.41 a |
29.95±0.58 a |
26.86±0.69 b |
Fat |
| 8.88±0.56 a |
7.46±0.12 c |
7.52±0.31 c |
8.18±0.2b |
Ash |
| 72.92±0.47 b |
72.81±0.1 b |
73.83±0.52 a |
73.95±0.44 a |
Moisture |
Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05).
Table 3: Effects of dietary treatments on the Serum Biochemical Factors of Rainbow trout (Mean ± SD)
| Control (0 mg/kg) |
T3 (900 mg/kg) |
T2 (600 mg/kg) |
T1 (300 mg/kg) |
Parameter |
| 103.83±9.45 a |
104.33±9.93 a |
110.5±9.53 a |
106.16±6.03 a |
Glucose |
| 361.16±62.77 a |
493.83±83.99 a |
438.66±32.06 a |
478.16±74.6 a |
Triglycerides |
| 248.66±9.67 b |
304.83±21.78 a |
278.83±15.39 ab |
283.66±17.32 ab |
Cholesterol |
| 248.16±48.28 b |
417±47.71 a |
343.83±36.17 ab |
278.5±23.96 b |
Aspartate Transaminase |
| 8.5±.61ab |
12.5±1.25 a |
10±.73 ab |
10.16±1.22 ab |
Alanine Aminotransferase |
| 519.5±40.52 b |
516.33±50.42 b |
471.83±54.1 b |
689.33±73.01 a |
Alkaline Phosphatase |
| 1.86±0.04 a |
2.03±0.04 a |
1.93±0.04 a |
1.96±0.11 a |
Albumin |
| 1556.83±279.89 a |
2646.16±745.51 a |
3269.16±724.4 a |
1642±467.74 a |
Lactate Dehydrogenase |
| 3.88±0.11 b |
4.93±0.46 a |
4.26±0.15 ab |
4.38±0.23 ab |
Total Protein |
| 2.01±0.1 b |
2.9±0.47 a |
2.33±0.14 ab |
2.41±0.15 ab |
Globulin |
Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05).
Discussion and conclusion
The changes of serum biochemical factors as well as the relative improvement of growth and nutrition factors indicated the positive performance of using 900 mg/kg bile acid supplementation in the diet of juvenile rainbow trout, while the effects of increasing Liver enzymes, the Serum Biochemical Factors in the mentioned treatment should be studied and investigated. Bile acid supplementation could also enhance crude protein and decrease of ash and moisture in treatment of 900 mg/kg while bile type, level and fish species must be considered. This study discusses these aspects in regard to fish nutrition to help increase the inclusion of dietary fishmeal alternatives and thus enhance aquaculture sustainability.
Conflict of Interest
We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this study.
Acknowledgements
We wish to express our thanks to the chairman and experts of Shahid Motahhari Genetic and Breeding Center of Coldwater Fishes, Yasouj, Iran. |
|
| Keywords: Bile Acid Supplementation, Growth and Nutrition Indices, Serum Biochemical Factors, Rainbow trout. |
|
|
Full-Text [PDF 732 kb]
(145 Downloads)
|
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
تغذيه
Received: 2024/09/1 | Accepted: 2024/10/31 | Published: 2024/10/31
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Send email to the article author |
|
|
|
| Add your comments about this article |
|
|
|
|
hosseini S A, ghaedi A, mahmoudi R, sharifiyan M. Effect of different dietary bile acid supplementation (Runeon 1) levels on growth, performance, carcass composition, and serum biochemical factors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). isfj 2024; 33 (4) :143-157 URL: http://isfj.ir/article-1-2826-en.html
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
