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Application of marine biopolymers for coating nanoliposomes to improve physicochemical properties and enhance stability: A review
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Zeynab Rostami1   , Mina Esmaeili1 |
| 1- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran |
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Abstract: (36 Views) |
Introduction
Nanoliposomes, recognized as one of the most advanced delivery systems for drugs and bioactive compounds, have gained significant importance across biomedical, pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. These nanosystems demonstrate remarkable efficiency due to their high encapsulation capacity, controlled release, enhanced bioavailability, and improved stability. However, the intrinsic instability of nanoliposomes under environmental factors such as oxidation, hydrolytic degradation, light exposure, temperature fluctuations, and pH variations limits their efficacy and practical applications. To overcome these challenges, coating nanoliposomes with marine biopolymers has emerged as an innovative strategy to enhance their physicochemical stability, regulate the release profile, and improve biological performance (Senadheera et al., 2023). Marine biopolymers, including chitosan, alginate, collagen, gelatin, and fucoidan, are ideal candidates for nanoliposome coating due to their high biocompatibility, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, ability to form stable networks, and protective layer-forming capabilities. These biopolymers create protective layers that reduce structural degradation, modulate the release rate of bioactive compounds, and extend their half-life) Gómez-Guillén and Montero., 2021; Pasarin et al., 2023). Furthermore, electrostatic interactions and physicochemical bonding between biopolymers and nanoliposomes reinforce structural integrity and enhance resistance to adverse environmental conditions. This review comprehensively analyzes recent studies on the role of marine biopolymers in optimizing the structure and functionality of nanoliposomes, focusing on their impact in improving stability, controlling release, and enhancing the biological efficacy of encapsulated compounds (Tan et al., 2021).
Methodology
This study follows a systematic review approach, utilizing scientific articles from reputable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The selected articles were screened based on their direct relevance to nanoliposome coating with marine biopolymers, their effects on structural and biological stability, physicochemical properties, bioavailability, and mechanisms involved in enhancing longevity and biological performance. The extracted papers were analyzed with a focus on the functional properties of biopolymers, their protective mechanisms, and the impact of multilayer coatings.
Results
Extensive studies have demonstrated that coating nanoliposomes with marine biopolymers has a significant impact on enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological stability of these systems. Among these biopolymers, chitosan, as a cationic polysaccharide, interacts strongly with the nanoliposomal membrane through electrostatic interactions, leading to increased structural integrity, reduced lipid oxidation rates, and improved retention of bioactive compounds. The mechanism underlying this effect is attributed to the direct interaction of chitosan with membrane phospholipids and the formation of a stable protective layer that not only reduces oxygen permeability but also prevents lipid oxidation, thereby preserving the bioavailability of the encapsulated compounds over an extended period. Furthermore, chitosan coating decreases membrane permeability and enhances the controlled release of active compounds in biological environments )Kumar et al., 2020; Kamali et al., 2024). Alginate, as an anionic polysaccharide, has a high capacity for forming strong gel structures in the presence of calcium ions, thereby creating robust protective layers around nanoliposomes and preventing the leakage of bioactive compounds. This property is particularly crucial for protecting sensitive compounds from unstable environmental conditions, such as pH fluctuations and the presence of digestive enzymes. Recent studies have shown that alginate coatings, particularly in pharmaceutical formulations, enhance the bioavailability of active compounds and improve their absorption in biological environments. Additionally, alginate forms stable polymeric networks that enhance the mechanical stability of nanoliposomes and prevent structural changes during storage and biological processes (Abka-Khajouei et al., 2022). In addition to polysaccharides, structural proteins such as collagen and gelatin have also been utilized as effective nanoliposome coatings. These biopolymers, due to their strong ability to form stable polymeric networks, reinforce the mechanical integrity of nanoliposomal systems and enhance their physical stability in biological environments. Collagen and gelatin coatings improve the structural stability of nanoliposomes by forming strong intermolecular bonds, preventing undesirable changes over time. Moreover, the use of these biopolymers in nanoliposome coating improves biocompatibility and reduces toxicity, which is particularly significant for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications (Chotphruethipong et al., 2021; Naseriyeh et al., 2024). Fucoidan, a sulfated marine polysaccharide, possesses unique properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Studies have demonstrated that coating nanoliposomes with fucoidan not only enhances their stability but also strengthens the biological effects of active compounds, thereby improving the efficacy of targeted drug delivery systems. This effect is attributed to fucoidan's ability to enhance cellular interactions and increase nanoliposome penetration into target tissues, which could play a crucial role in advanced pharmaceutical therapies (Rostami et al., 2018; Obiedallah et al., 2024). One of the most notable findings in this field is the synergistic effect of multilayered coatings composed of different biopolymers. Research has shown that combining chitosan and alginate in nanoliposome coatings not only enhances mechanical strength but also creates a dual-stage release system, where active compounds are gradually released under different conditions. This characteristic, particularly valuable in pharmaceutical and food applications, enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of these systems. Furthermore, coating nanoliposomes with marine biopolymers extends the stability of active compounds in biological environments, enhances cellular uptake, and prevents enzymatic degradation (Meng et al., 2024). Overall, marine biopolymers, as nanoliposome coatings, not only improve physicochemical stability but also enable precise control over compound release, thereby playing a crucial role in optimizing biological and industrial applications.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings of this study highlight that marine biopolymer-based coatings serve as an effective strategy for improving the biological, chemical, and physical properties of nanoliposomes. Multilayer bio-based coatings not only prevent structural degradation but also enhance membrane integrity and optimize the release kinetics of active compounds through electrostatic interactions, covalent bonding, and polymeric network formation. Coating nanoliposomes with marine biopolymers has demonstrated significant potential in regulating the gradual release of bioactive compounds and broadening their applications. In drug delivery systems, this technology can enhance the efficiency of hydrophilic and lipophilic drug transport while improving their bioavailability) Gómez-Guillén and Montero, 2021; Pasarin et al., 2023; Meng et al., 2024). In the food industry, coated nanoliposomes help preserve sensitive bioactive compounds such as vitamins, carotenoids, and polyphenols, thereby extending their shelf life. Additionally, in cosmetic formulations, these nanocarriers improve skin absorption and prolong the effectiveness of active ingredients (Ajeeshkumar et al., 2021). Comparative analyses indicate that integrating different biopolymers into multilayer coatings enhances mechanical and chemical stability under various environmental conditions. This advantage underscores the importance of this technology in dose control and therapeutic efficacy optimization. Furthermore, advancements in encapsulation methods particularly the development of novel bio-based materials and optimization of production processes can further enhance the performance of coated nanoliposomes in industrial applications (Meng et al., 2024; Gan et al., 2024) Overall, nanoliposome coating with marine biopolymers is an emerging technology that facilitates the development of controlled-release delivery systems and the protection of sensitive compounds. Future research should focus on structural modifications of biopolymers, optimization of formulation conditions, and molecular-level investigations of interactions between bio-based coatings and nanoliposomes. Such studies can deepen our understanding of the stabilization and controlled-release mechanisms of bioactive compounds and accelerate the commercialization of this technology.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest in this study.
Acknowledgment
This review study was conducted based on an extensive search and analysis of reliable scientific resources. The authors would like to express their gratitude to all researchers and authors whose studies formed the basis of this research.
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| Keywords: Marine Biopolymers, biocompatibility, nanoliposomes, liposome coating, controlled-release. |
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Full-Text [PDF 868 kb]
(26 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
بيوتكنولوژي و فرآوري هاي شيلاتي
Received: 2025/02/18 | Accepted: 2026/03/1
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